This volume has grown out of lectures addressing primarily graduate students and researchers working in related areas in both astrophysics and space sciences. All contributions are self-contained and do not require prior in-depth knowledge of solar physics. The result is a unique textbook that fulfills the needs of those wishing to have a pedagogic exposition of solar physics bringing them up-to-date in a field full of vitality and with exciting research.

TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA), Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh- siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c- centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch. Forthis purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior knowledgeaboutsolarphysics. Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience. Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto thepublishers,Springer-Verlag. Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand salientresults. Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof- larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic andspectroscopicobservations. Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed indetail. Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. - bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration, storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar- cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration VI Preface ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop- ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon "ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy- calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare. FinallyManoharan'scontributionon "TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation studies. Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar- theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003 A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S. Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No. 198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet. in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001, Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet. in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA), Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh- siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c- centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch. Forthis purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior knowledgeaboutsolarphysics. Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience. Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto thepublishers,Springer-Verlag. Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand salientresults. Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof- larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic andspectroscopicobservations. Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed indetail. Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. - bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration, storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar- cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration VI Preface ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop- ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon "ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy- calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare. FinallyManoharan'scontributionon "TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation studies. Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar- theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003 A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S. Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No. 198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet. in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001, Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet. in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur .. Theoretische Astrophysik P. O. Box No. 198 Univ. Heidelberg Udaipur313001,India Tiergartenstr. 15 arvind@prl. ernet. in 69121Heidelberg,Germany ulm@ita. uni-heidelberg. de S. M. Chitre Department of Physics University of Mumbai P. Venkatakrishnan Mumbai400098,India Udaipur Solar Observatory kumarchitre@hotmail. com Physical Research Laboratory P. O. Box No. 198 BholaN. Dwivedi Udaipur313001,India Department of Applied Physics pvk@prl. ernet. in Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi221005,India dwivedi@banaras. ernet. in TableofContents OverviewofSolarPhysics S. M. Chitre...1 1 Introduction...1 2 CompositionandStructureoftheSun...3 2. 1 EquationsofStellarStructure...4 2. 2 TheStandardSolarModel...7 3 ProbesoftheSun'sInterior...10 3. 1 SolarNeutrinoProblem...

Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated version of this informative book that explores the many changes in composite materials technology that have occurred since the book's first release in 2008, especially the type of commercial products used by armed forces around the world. Some changes can be attributed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, whereas others are due to massive investment by private companies to neutralize the ever-increasing global threats and fulfill the military's appetite for lighter materials. Soldiers are now better protected against new ballistic threats and the overall weight of body protection has been reduced, while comfort has increased. New military vehicles are no longer purely armored with steel, and are instead lined with lightweight ballistic materials that increase the distance military vehicles can travel without refueling and also improve maneuverability. The book considers all aspects of lightweight ballistic composites from fiber manufacturing to commercial products and testing. Chapters also cover the many uses of lightweight ballistic composites in the military and law-enforcement industries. It will be an invaluable reference for ballistic composite design engineers, product development engineers, and all those involved in promoting new products for both defense and the law-enforcement industry.