The Java Programming Language course provides students with a solid foundation for programming with Java, including: information about the syntax of the Java programming language; object-oriented programming with the Java programming language; creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs), exceptions, file input/output (I/O), and threads; and networking. Programmers familiar with object-oriented concepts can learn how to develop Java technology applications Java was started as a project called "Oak" by James Gosling in 1991. The first public implementation was Java 1.0 in 1995. The pluses to this new language were: It promised the ability to "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no cost runtimes on popular platforms, and Its security was configurable, allowing network and file access to be restricted. Java quickly became a popular programming language. Newer versions of the java programming language had multiple configurations built for different platforms. For example, J2EE for enterprise applications and J2ME for mobile applications.

Ropalidia marginata is an common Indian paper wasp which uses paper (wood pulp) to build their nests. There are relatively few records of fungi infecting wasps themselves, a number of fungi having been reported from the nest material. More often, these fungi thrive as saprotrophs and might be associated with the nest material or infect the dead wasps. But to date, information as to the fungi associated with Ropalidia marginata paper nests remains inaccessible. Fungi, being ubiquitous in distribution, are highly successful in survival because of their physiological versatility. Fungi thrive well in most inhospitable habitats with environmental extremes by virtue of their fascinating enzyme machinery. Most fungi produce a plethora of enzymes to break down complex materials for their assimilation and their metabolism. This book therefore provides information about paper nest-inhabiting fungi of Ropalidia marginata and their extracellular lipase activity, identification of promising lipolytic fungal isolates for further industrial applications. This piece of investigation may be useful for researchers belonging to Mycology, Industrial Biotechnology and Biochemistry.