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The OHOLO conferences have been convened annually as from the
spring of 1956; they have covered very wide areas from different
and overlapping disciplines, as can be seen from the following
list: 1956 Bacterial Genetics (not published) 1957 Tissue Cultures
in Virological Research (not published) 1958 Inborn and Acquired
Resistance to Infection in Animals (not published) 1959
Experimental Approach to Mental Diseases (not published) 1960
Cryptobiotic Stages in Biological Systems* 1961 Virus - Cell
Relationships** 1962 Biological Synthesis and Function of Nucleic
Acids** 1963 Cellular Control Mechanism of Macromolecular
Synthesis** 1964 Molecular Aspects of Immunology** 1965 Cell
Surfaces** 1966 Chemistry and Biology of Psychotropic Agents (not
published) 1967 Structure and Mode of Action of Enzymes** 1968
Growth and Differentiation of Cells in vitro** 1969 Behaviour of
Animal Cells in Culture** 1970 Microbial Toxins** 1971 Interaction
of Chemical Agents with Cholinergic Mechanisms** The participants
at these meetings from the different scien tific institutions of
Israel and from many countries, are engaged in fields of study
which represent widely divergent approaches to biology. Thus, a
characteristic feature of the OHOLO meetings has been their
multi-disciplinary nature. These small international conferences
are distinguished by the relaxed atmosphere in which they are held,
with ample time for informal as weIl as formal discussions.
*Published by Elsevier Publishing Co. , Amsterdam (1960).
**Published by the Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness
Ziona.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was first isolated in
1938 by Kubes and Rios (1) from the brain of a horse which died
during an epizootic of a previously unrecognized disease in
Venezuela. VEE-related viruses were subsequently isolated during
t~e period of 1943-1963 in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Trinidad,
Brazil, Surinam, Argentina, Panama, Mexico, and the United States
(2) * Shope et ~. (3) fi rst defi ned the vi ru ses in the VEE comp
1 ex t-y showing serological relationships between classical VEE,
~lucambo, and Pixuna viruses. Young and Johnson (2) serologically
characterized a variety of VEE isolates and proposed that the
complex t>e divided into four subtypes (I, II, III, and IV).
Viruses in subtype I were divided into five variants designated IA
through IE. During 1069-1~71 a VEE epizootic-epidemic occurred in
South America, Central America, and the United States involving a
subtype lAB virus which caused high mortality among equines and
human d i sea se (4). Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are
alpha-togaviruses w~ic~ contain a positive strand rit>onucleic
acid genome enclosed in an icosa~edral nucleocapsid. The virion has
an envelope which contains blO glycoproteins: E2 of 5F,000 daltons
(gp56) and E1 of ~O,OOO daltons (gp50) (5,6). Viral neutralization
(N) and hemagglutiration (HA) sites have been placed on E2 by the
use of monospecific rabtdt antisera and monoclonal antibodies
specific for purified viral structural proteins (7-10). Only
anti-E2 antisera neutralized virus infectivity or blocked virus
hemagglutination.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was first isolated in
1938 by Kubes and Rios (1) from the brain of a horse which died
during an epizootic of a previously unrecognized disease in
Venezuela. VEE-related viruses were subsequently isolated during
t~e period of 1943-1963 in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Trinidad,
Brazil, Surinam, Argentina, Panama, Mexico, and the United States
(2) * Shope et ~. (3) fi rst defi ned the vi ru ses in the VEE comp
1 ex t-y showing serological relationships between classical VEE,
~lucambo, and Pixuna viruses. Young and Johnson (2) serologically
characterized a variety of VEE isolates and proposed that the
complex t>e divided into four subtypes (I, II, III, and IV).
Viruses in subtype I were divided into five variants designated IA
through IE. During 1069-1~71 a VEE epizootic-epidemic occurred in
South America, Central America, and the United States involving a
subtype lAB virus which caused high mortality among equines and
human d i sea se (4). Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses are
alpha-togaviruses w~ic~ contain a positive strand rit>onucleic
acid genome enclosed in an icosa~edral nucleocapsid. The virion has
an envelope which contains blO glycoproteins: E2 of 5F,000 daltons
(gp56) and E1 of ~O,OOO daltons (gp50) (5,6). Viral neutralization
(N) and hemagglutiration (HA) sites have been placed on E2 by the
use of monospecific rabtdt antisera and monoclonal antibodies
specific for purified viral structural proteins (7-10). Only
anti-E2 antisera neutralized virus infectivity or blocked virus
hemagglutination.
Frequenting gun shops and shooting ranges, and devoting particular
attention to those whose interest in weaponry extends beyond the
casual, Abigail A. Kohn captures in finegrained and often
entertaining, yet always humane, detail how gun owners actually
think and feel about their guns. Through her conversations--with
cowboy action shooters at a regional match, sport shooters,
hunters, with shooters of all ages and races--we hear of the
"savage beauty" of a beautifully crafted long gun, of the powerful
historical import owners attach to their guns, of the sense of
empowerment that comes with shooting skill, and the visceral thrill
of discharging a dangerous weapon. Cutting through the cliches that
link gun ownership with violent, criminal subcultures and portray
shooters as "gun nuts" or potential terrorists, Kohn provides us
with a lively and untainted portrait of American gun
enthusiasts.
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