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This catalogue accompanies an international exhibition, "First
Kings of Europe," and another volume also published by the Cotsen
Institute, First Kings of Europe: From Farmers to Rulers in
Prehistoric Southeastern Europe, that examine the artifacts and
cultures of this area from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Over
several millennia, early agricultural villages gave rise to tribal
kingdoms and monarchies, replacing smaller, more egalitarian social
structures with complex state organizations led by royal
individuals invested with power. Several hundred objects and
artifacts in the exhibition are portrayed in the catalog,
accompanied by introductory text and detailed entries for each
item. The spectacular and highly detailed color photographs
introduce us to the gold and silver ornaments, bronze and iron
weaponry, rich metal hoards and magnificent ceremonial vessels that
are masterpieces from this period of history. Many of them have
never left their countries of origin, making the two volumes
documenting them an opportunity not to miss.
A group of scholars analyse and interpret data and artifacts from
the most important museum collections in central Europe and the
Balkans, illustrating the evolution, beginning in the Copper Age,
of political hierarchy in this region. Over a span of four
millennia, early agricultural villages gave rise to Europe's first
kingdoms and monarchies, the first complex state organisations.
This edited book describes the multi-disciplinary research
conducted by the Koeroes Regional Archaeological Project in
southeastern Hungary from 2000-2007. Centred around two Early
Copper Age Tiszapolgar culture villages in the Koeroes Region of
the Great Hungarian Plain, Veszto-Bikeri and Koeroesladany-Bikeri,
the research incorporated excavation, surface collection,
geophysical survey and soil chemistry to investigate settlement
layout and organization. The transition from the Neolithic period
to the Copper Age in the northern Balkans and the Carpathian Basin
was marked by significant changes in material culture, settlement
layout and organization, and mortuary practices that indicate
fundamental social transformations in the middle of the fifth
millennium BC. Prior research into the Late Neolithic of the region
focused almost exclusively on fortified 'tell' settlements. The
Early Copper Age, by contrast, was known primarily from cemeteries
such as the type site of Tiszapolgar-Basatanya. The Project's
results yielded the first extensive, systematically collected
datasets from Early Copper Age settlements on the Great Hungarian
Plain. The two adjacent villages at Bikeri, located only 70 m
apart, were similar in size, and both were protected with
fortifications. Relative and absolute dates demonstrate that they
were occupied sequentially during the Early Copper Age, from ca.
4600-4200 cal B.C. The excavated assemblages from the sites are
strikingly similar, suggesting that both were occupied by the same
community. This process of settlement relocation after only a few
generations breaks from the longer-lasting settlement pattern that
are typical of the Late Neolithic.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced commercially
since be fore 1930. They proved to be highly versatile mixtures and
their uses continued to expand during the early 1970's even after
the unanticipated world-wide en vironmental contamination had been
discovered (Jensen et aI. , 1969; Koeman et aI. , 1969). Over
600,000 metric-tons were produced and/or used in the U. S. during
this time and it is estimated that worldwide production totaled
about 1,200,000 metric-tons (Table 1). With low acute toxicities
(Fishbein, 1974), these mixtures were considered gen erally
biologically inactive even though industrial exposure had
demonstrated he patic and dermatological effects (Fishbein, 1974;
Hansen, 1987). Thus, use and disposal were not carefully monitored
and it is estimated that one-third of the world-wide production of
PCBs has been released into the global environment (Table 1). Table
1. Estimated production and disposition of PCBs b U. s. a Worldwide
6 6 Production/use 610 X 10 kg 1200 X 10 kg Mobil environmental
reservoir 82 400 Static reservoirs In service 340 Dumps 130 Total
static 470 800 a NAS, 1979 b Tatsukawa and Tanaba, 1984 2
Environmental Distribution Many countries now impose strict
controls on the use and release of PCBs. Re lease into the
environment has declined dramatically in the last decade, but con
tinued release from reservoirs (Table 1) into burdened ecosystems
(Table 2) ap pears inevitable for several more decades (Barros et
aI. , 1984).
Since the inception of the New Archaeology in the 1960s
anthropological archaeologists have been attempting to develop
models that will let them better understand the evolution of human
social organization. The vast majority of this research has focused
specifically upon the development of so-called 'complex' societies,
which frequently are characterized by institutionalized social
inequality, craft specialization, and developed social hierarchy.
Conversely, a good deal of research also has focused upon the
variability exhibited by highly mobile hunting and gathering
societies. Somewhere in our search for understanding how chiefdoms
and states evolve, and how different those societies are from
egalitarian 'bands', we have neglected to develop models that will
help us understand the wide range of variability that exists
between them. This volume attempts to fill this gap by exploring
social organization in tribal - or 'autonomous village' - societies
from several different ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and
archaeological contexts - from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period in
the Near East to the contemporary Jivaro of Amazonia. TBritish
School at Rome
Since the inception of the New Archaeology in the 1960s
anthropological archaeologists have been attempting to develop
models that will let them better understand the evolution of human
social organization. The vast majority of this research has focused
specifically upon the development of so-called 'complex' societies,
which frequently are characterized by institutionalized social
inequality, craft specialization, and developed social hierarchy.
Conversely, a good deal of research also has focused upon the
variability exhibited by highly mobile hunting and gathering
societies. Somewhere in our search for understanding how chiefdoms
and states evolve, and how different those societies are from
egalitarian 'bands', we have neglected to develop models that will
help us understand the wide range of variability that exists
between them. This volume attempts to fill this gap by exploring
social organization in tribal - or 'autonomous village' - societies
from several different ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and
archaeological contexts - from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period in
the Near East to the contemporary Jivaro of Amazonia. TBritish
School at Rome
Written in Stone: The Multiple Dimensions of Lithic Analysis
demonstrates the vitality of contemporary lithics analysis by
examining material from a variety of geographical locations. This
edited collection is primarily concerned with the link between
craft production and social complexity, the nature of trade, and
the delineation of settlement patterns and manipulation of
landscape. While deconstructing the present to reconstruct the
past, each chapter incorporates a technological dimension shaped by
the type of analysis utilized. Methods include microwear analysis,
which adds significant understanding of stone tool function, to the
identification of obsidian sources, which illustrates the potential
of lithic provenance studies for reconstructing trade. This book
verifies and expands on the notion that lithics play an integral
role in our understanding of past societies at all levels of
complexity, from Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to archaic states.
Alepotrypa Cave at Diros Bay, Lakonia, Greece, is a massive karstic
formation of consecutive chambers ending at a lake. The cave was
excavated by G. Papathanassopoulos from 1970 to 2006. In
conjunction with the surrounding area, it was used as a
complementary habitation area, burial site, and place for
ceremonial activity during the Neolithic c 6000 to 3200 BC. As a
sealed, single-component, archaeological site, the Neolithic
settlement complex of Alepotrypa Cave is one of the richest sites
in Greece and Europe in terms of number of artifacts, preservation
of biological materials, volume of undisturbed deposits, and
horizontal exposure of archaeological surfaces of past human
activity and this publication is an important contribution to
ongoing archaeological research of the Neolithic Age in Greece in
particular, but also in Anatolia, the Balkans and Europe in
general. This edited volume offers a full scholarly
interdisciplinary study and interpretation of the results of
approximately 40 years of excavation and analysis. It includes
numerous chemical analyses and a much needed long series of
radiocarbon dates, the corresponding microstratigraphic,
stratigraphic and ceramic sequence, the human burials, stone and
bone tools, faunal and floral remains, isotopic analyses, specific
locations of human activities and ceremonies inside the cave, as
well as a site description and the history of the excavation
conducted by G. Papathanasopoulos.
This revised and expanded edition of the classic 1999 edited book
includes all the chapters from the original volume plus a new,
updated, introduction and several new chapters. The current book is
an up-to-date review of research into Mycenaean palatial systems
with chapters by archaeologists and Linear B specialists that will
be useful to scholars, instructors, and advanced students. This
book aims to define more accurately the term"palace"in light of
both recent archaeological research in the Aegean and current
anthropological thinking on the structure and origin of early
states. Regional centers do not exist as independent entities. They
articulate with more extensive sociopolitical systems. The concept
of palace needs to be incorporated into enhanced models of
Mycenaean state organization, ones that more completely integrate
primary centers with networks of regional settlement and economy.
The research presented in this study focuses upon a 2,000 sq km
area in the K River Valley, in northern Bekes County, eastern
Hungary. Within this region, the author analyzes two separate lines
of evidence that relate to the changing patterns of social
interaction and integration during the Late Neolithic and Early
Copper Age periods. Chapter 1 details the scope of the project
Chapter 2 develops the theoretical framework. Chapter Three
discusses the methodological correlates of this theoretical
framework, and addresses the archaeological problem of inferring
dynamic social systems from static material remains. The middle
range theory and bridging arguments are presented and the problems
of measuring social interaction and integration in prehistoric
contexts are discussed. Chapter Four presents the archaeological
background necessary for understanding the radical social changes
that occurred on the Great Hungarian Plain, ca. 4,500 BC. Chapter
Five presents the specific research design. Chapter Six provides an
overview of the study area and presents the sites and assemblage
included in the subsequent analyses. Chapter Seven details the
analysis of integration throughout the study area, based upon the
spatial data and Chapter Eight lays out the analyses of Early
Copper Age interaction, based upon the stylistic data from the
Early Copper Age ceramic assemblages. Chapter Nine integrates the
analyses presented in Chapters Seven and Eight into a coherent
model and attempts to place the study area into the wider temporal
and geographic context of the Great Hungarian Plain, and into the
wider context of anthropological archaeology.
In current archaeological research the failure to find common
ground between world-systems theory believers and their
counterparts has resulted in a stagnation of theoretical
development in regards to modeling how early state societies
interacted with their neighbors. This book is an attempt to redress
these issues. By shifting the theoretical focus away from questions
of state evolution to state interaction, the authors develop
anthropological models for understanding how ancient states
interacted with one another and with societies of different scales
of economic and political organization. One of their goals has been
to identify a theoretical middle ground that is neither dogmatic
nor dismissive. The result is an innovative approach to modeling
social interaction that will be helpful in exploring the
relationship between social processes that occur at different
geographic scales and over different temporal durations. The
scholars who participated in the SAR Advanced Seminar that resulted
in this book used a particular geographic and temporal context as a
case study for developing anthropological models of interaction
that are cross-cultural in scope but still deal well with the
idiosyncrasies of specific culture histories.
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