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This volume focuses on progressivism's conceptions of democracy.
The analysis is interdisciplinary, beginning with a broad-ranging
history of working- and middle-class culture in America, and
grounded in American pragmatism, with the educator and philosopher,
John Dewey, as its central "character." Schutz demonstrates that
progressive ideas of democracy emerged out of the practices of a
new middle class, reacting, in part, against the more conflictive
social struggles of the working-class. The volume traces two
distinct branches of democratic progressivism: collaborative and
personalist. After examining the limitations of progressive
democratic visions, the author explores an alternative
working-class model, "democratic solidarity," that seems to correct
many of these limitations
Community organizers build solidarity and collective power in
fractured communities. They help ordinary people turn their private
pain into public action, releasing hidden capacities for leadership
and strategy. In "Collective Action for Social Change," Aaron
Schutz and Marie G. Sandy draw on their extensive experience
participating in community organizing activities and teaching
courses on the subject to empower novices to" think" like an
organizers.
Alfred Schutz devoted his life to a clarification of the foun
dations of the social sciences. His first formulation of the perti
nent problems is contained in DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAU DER SOZIALEN
WELT, EINE EINLEITUNG IN DIE VERSTEHENDE SOZIOLOGIE, now available
in a second unrevised German edition with an English translation in
preparation. Since I932, the date of this work, Alfred Schutz
pursued painstaking and detailed investigations of issues which
arose in connection with his early endeavors. These investigations
were originally published as a series of essays and monographs over
a period of about twenty years and are now assembled in the
COLLECTED PAPERS of which this is the third and final volume. They
form a unitary whole insofar as a common core of problems and
theoretical ideas is presented from varying perspectives. Together
DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT and the three volumes of COL
LECTED PAPERS set forth a comprehensive and consistent theory of
the world of everyday life as the reality with which the social
sciences are essentially concerned. Alfred Schutz was preparing a
systematic presentation of his theory and of the results of his
investigations into the struc tures of the world of everyday life
when death overtook him. The manuscript containing the final
statement of his philosophical and sociological thinking was not
completely ready for publi cation at the time of his death. It is
now being brought into book form by Professor Thomas Luckmann, one
of his former students."
Following the thematic divisions of the first three volumes of
Alfred Schutz's Collected Papers into The Problem of Social
Reality, Studies in Social Theory and Phenomenological Philosophy,
this fourth volume contains drafts of unfinished writings, drafts
of published writings, translations of essays previously published
in German, and some largely unpublished correspondence. The drafts
of published writings contain important material omitted from the
published versions, and the unfinished writings offer important
insights into Schutz's otherwise unpublished ideas about economic
and political theory as well as the theory of law and the state. In
addition, a large group contains Schutz's reflections on problems
in phenomenological philosophy, including music, which both
supplement and add new dimensions to his published thought. All
together, the writings in this volume cover Schutz's last 15 years
in Europe as well as manuscripts written after his arrival in the
USA in 1939. Audience: Students and scholars of phenomenology,
social theory and the human sciences in general.
Le present volume rassemble plusieurs etudes qu' Alfred Schutz
avait consacrees a diverses questions qui gravitent autour d'un
probleme philosophique majeur: celui de la socialite. La plupart de
ces etudes ont Me publiees ailleurs, mais elles etaient dispersees
et d'un acces parfois difficile. Tel quel, l'ouvrage que nous
presentons n' est que la premiere partie d'un ensemble dans
lequell'auteur se proposait de faire reunir par son disciple et ami
Maurice Natanson les nombreux essais qu'il avait ecrits depuis son
arrivee aux Etats-Unis au debut de la demiere guerre. La mort
l'empecha de voir realiser ce projet. 11 nous a semble que la
pUblication successive de cet ensemble, dans la fidelite aux
indications laissees par l'auteur, etait Ie plus bel hommage que
nous pussions rendre a ce penseur qui fut notre ami et meritait
sans nul doute de tenir dans Ie courant phenomenologique une place
de premier plan que faillirent lui refuser les circonstances
dramatiques de sa vie, jointes a sa trop grande modestie per-
sonnelle. II me faudrait ici parler de l'homme, evoquer sa finesse
d'esprit, son ironie penetrante, sa serenite et son courage dans l'
exil, l' event ail tres vaste de ses preoccupations, Ie don de jeu-
nesse et de sympathie grftce auquel il entreprit a quarante ans
d'assimiler avec bonheur une culture nouvelle, pour y exceller
bientOt.
Elsewhere 1 we were concerned with fundamental aspects of the
question how man can comprehend his fellow-men. We analyzed man's
subjective experiences of the Other and found in them the basis for
his understanding of the Other's subjective processes of
consciousness. The very assumption of the existence of the Other,
however, introduces the dimension of intersub jectivity. The world
is experienced by the Self as being inhabited by other Selves, as
being a world for others and of others. As we had occasion to point
out, intersubjective reality is by no means homogeneous. The social
world in which man finds himself exhibits a complex structure;
fellow-men appear to the Self under different aspects, to which
correspond different cognitive styles by which the Self perceives
and apprehends the Other's thoughts, motives, and actions. In the
present investigation it will be our main task to describe the
origin of the differentiated structures of social reality as well
as to reveal the principles underlying its unity and coherence. It
must be stressed that careful description of the processes which
enable one man to understand another's thoughts and actions is a
prerequisite for the methodology of the empirical social sciences.
The question how a scientific interpretation of human action is
possible can be resolved only if an adequate * From: De, sinnha/te
A II/ball tler sowuen WeU, Vienna, 1932; 2nd ed. 1960 (Sektion IV:
Strukturanalyse der Sozialwelt, Soziale Umwelt, Mitwelt, Vorwelt,
English adaptation by Professor Thomas Luckmann.
Community organizers build solidarity and collective power in
fractured communities. They help ordinary people turn their private
pain into public action, releasing hidden capacities for leadership
and strategy. In Collective Action for Social Change , Aaron Schutz
and Marie G. Sandy draw on their extensive experience participating
in community organizing activities and teaching courses on the
subject to empower novices to think like an organizers.
Alfred Schutz devoted his life to a clarification of the foun
dations of the social sciences. His first formulation of the perti
nent problems is contained in DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAU DER SOZIALEN
WELT, EINE EINLEITUNG IN DIE VERSTEHENDE SOZIOLOGIE, now available
in a second unrevised German edition with an English translation in
preparation. Since I932, the date of this work, Alfred Schutz
pursued painstaking and detailed investigations of issues which
arose in connection with his early endeavors. These investigations
were originally published as a series of essays and monographs over
a period of about twenty years and are now assembled in the
COLLECTED PAPERS of which this is the third and final volume. They
form a unitary whole insofar as a common core of problems and
theoretical ideas is presented from varying perspectives. Together
DER SINNHAFTE AUFBAu DER SOZIALEN WELT and the three volumes of COL
LECTED PAPERS set forth a comprehensive and consistent theory of
the world of everyday life as the reality with which the social
sciences are essentially concerned. Alfred Schutz was preparing a
systematic presentation of his theory and of the results of his
investigations into the struc tures of the world of everyday life
when death overtook him. The manuscript containing the final
statement of his philosophical and sociological thinking was not
completely ready for publi cation at the time of his death. It is
now being brought into book form by Professor Thomas Luckmann, one
of his former students.
Elsewhere 1 we were concerned with fundamental aspects of the
question how man can comprehend his fellow-men. We analyzed man's
subjective experiences of the Other and found in them the basis for
his understanding of the Other's subjective processes of
consciousness. The very assumption of the existence of the Other,
however, introduces the dimension of intersub jectivity. The world
is experienced by the Self as being inhabited by other Selves, as
being a world for others and of others. As we had occasion to point
out, intersubjective reality is by no means homogeneous. The social
world in which man finds himself exhibits a complex structure;
fellow-men appear to the Self under different aspects, to which
correspond different cognitive styles by which the Self perceives
and apprehends the Other's thoughts, motives, and actions. In the
present investigation it will be our main task to describe the
origin of the differentiated structures of social reality as well
as to reveal the principles underlying its unity and coherence. It
must be stressed that careful description of the processes which
enable one man to understand another's thoughts and actions is a
prerequisite for the methodology of the empirical social sciences.
The question how a scientific interpretation of human action is
possible can be resolved only if an adequate * From: De, sinnha/te
A II/ball tler sowuen WeU, Vienna, 1932; 2nd ed. 1960 (Sektion IV:
Strukturanalyse der Sozialwelt, Soziale Umwelt, Mitwelt, Vorwelt,
English adaptation by Professor Thomas Luckmann.
Following the thematic divisions of the first three volumes of
Alfred Schutz's Collected Papers into The Problem of Social
Reality, Studies in Social Theory and Phenomenological Philosophy,
this fourth volume contains drafts of unfinished writings, drafts
of published writings, translations of essays previously published
in German, and some largely unpublished correspondence. The drafts
of published writings contain important material omitted from the
published versions, and the unfinished writings offer important
insights into Schutz's otherwise unpublished ideas about economic
and political theory as well as the theory of law and the state. In
addition, a large group contains Schutz's reflections on problems
in phenomenological philosophy, including music, which both
supplement and add new dimensions to his published thought. All
together, the writings in this volume cover Schutz's last 15 years
in Europe as well as manuscripts written after his arrival in the
USA in 1939. Audience: Students and scholars of phenomenology,
social theory and the human sciences in general.
One difficulty in writing a balanced history of the American
Revolution arises in part from its success as a creator of our
nation and our nationalistic sentiment. Unlike the Civil War,
unlike the French Revolution, the American Revolution produced no
lingering social trauma in the United States-it is a historic event
widely applauded by Americans today as both necessary and
desirable. But one consequence of this happy unanimity is that the
chief losers of the War of Independence-the American Loyalists-have
fared badly at the hands of historians. This explains, in part, why
the account of the Revolution recorded by self-professed Loyalist
and Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Massachusetts, Peter
Oliver, has heretofore been so routinely overlooked. Oliver's
manuscript, entitled "The Origins & Progress of the American
Rebellion," written in 1781, challenges the motives of the founding
fathers, and depicts the revolution as passion, plotting, and
violence. His descriptions of the leaders of the patriot party, of
their program and motives, are unforgiving, bitter, and inevitably
partisan. But it records the impressions of one who had experienced
these events, knew most of the combatants intimately, and saw the
collapse of the society he had lived in. His history is a very
important contemporary account of the origins of the revolution in
Massachusetts, and is now presented here in it entirety for the
first time.
Le present volume rassemble plusieurs etudes qu' Alfred Schutz
avait consacrees a diverses questions qui gravitent autour d'un
probleme philosophique majeur: celui de la socialite. La plupart de
ces etudes ont Me publiees ailleurs, mais elles etaient dispersees
et d'un acces parfois difficile. Tel quel, l'ouvrage que nous
presentons n' est que la premiere partie d'un ensemble dans
lequell'auteur se proposait de faire reunir par son disciple et ami
Maurice Natanson les nombreux essais qu'il avait ecrits depuis son
arrivee aux Etats-Unis au debut de la demiere guerre. La mort
l'empecha de voir realiser ce projet. 11 nous a semble que la
pUblication successive de cet ensemble, dans la fidelite aux
indications laissees par l'auteur, etait Ie plus bel hommage que
nous pussions rendre a ce penseur qui fut notre ami et meritait
sans nul doute de tenir dans Ie courant phenomenologique une place
de premier plan que faillirent lui refuser les circonstances
dramatiques de sa vie, jointes a sa trop grande modestie per-
sonnelle. II me faudrait ici parler de l'homme, evoquer sa finesse
d'esprit, son ironie penetrante, sa serenite et son courage dans l'
exil, l' event ail tres vaste de ses preoccupations, Ie don de jeu-
nesse et de sympathie grftce auquel il entreprit a quarante ans
d'assimiler avec bonheur une culture nouvelle, pour y exceller
bientOt.
Im vorliegenden Band ist eine Reihe von Aufsatzen zusam-
mengefasst, in denen Alfred Schutz sich bei der Behandlung ver-
schiedener Fragen immer wieder einem der wichtigsten philoso-
phischen Probleme zuwendet: dem Problem der Sozialitat. Der
Grossteil dieser Aufsatze ist bereits anderenorts erschienen: doch
sind sie weit verstreut und oft schwer zuganglich. Alfred Schutz
hatte Maurice Natanson, seinen Schuler und Freund, als Heraus-
geber der zahlreichen Schriften, die seit seiner Ankunft in den
Vereinigten Staaten Anfang des 2. Weltkriegs entstanden sind,
vorgesehen. Er konnte die Verwirklichung dieses Vorhabens nicht
mehr miterleben. Die Herausgabe seiner Schriften, die wir mit
diesem Band in getreuer Befolgung seiner Anweisungen beginnen, soll
einen Denker, dem wir freundschaftlich verbunden waren, in
angemessener Weise ehren und dazu beitragen, seine hervor- ragende
Bedeutung fur die Phanomenologie herauszustellen - eine Bedeutung,
die auf Grund der dramatischen Umstande seines Lebens und wegen
seiner grossen Bescheidenheit zu seinen Lebzeiten nicht hinreichend
gewurdigt wurde. Ich mochte hier von Schutz als Menschen sprechen
und die Feinsinnigkeit seines Geistes darstellen, seine
durchdringende Ironie, die Gelassenheit und seinen Mut in der
Emigration, den weiten Bereich seiner Interessen, seine jugendhafte
Begeisterung und das Einfuhlungsvermogen, das ihn befahigte, sich
noch im Alter von 40 Jahren in eine neue Kulturwelt einzuleben -
und sich in ihr auszuzeichnen. In der Befurchtung, nicht alles
sagen zu konnen, was zu sagen ware, bezw.
Der vorliegende Band der "Gesammelten Aufsatze" tragt den Titel
"Studien zur Phanomenologischen Philosophie. " In ihm sind Alfred
Schutz' Interpretationen phanomenologischer Haupt- them en
enthalten. An dieser Stelle soIl nun nicht die Interpreta- tion
noch einmal ausgelegt werden. Vielmehr wollen wir fragen, we1che
Stellung der Autor in der sogenannten "Phanomenolo- gischen
Bewegung" einnimmt. Schutz selbst bestimmt in einer personlichen
Tonbandaufzeich- nung! seinen Standort in der Phanomenologie und
seine Herkunft aus den philosophischen Schulen der Studienzeit.
"Ich traf den groBen Denker zum erstenmal 1932, als er schon lange
keine Vorlesungen mehr hielt, zwolf Jahre nach dem Ende meines
Studiums an der Universitat Wien. Mein Weg zur Philo- sophie
Husserls war, wie er selbst einmal sagte, hochst ungewohn- lich.
Seit meinen fruhesten Studientagen galt mein Interesse am meisten
der philosophischen Grundlegung der Sozialwissenschaf- ten,
besonders der Soziologie. Zu jener Zeit stand ich noch ganz im
Banne Max Webers, insbesondere war ich von seinen methodo-
logischen Schriften fasziniert. Ich erkannte jedoch bald, daB Max
Weber die Werkzeuge, we1che er fur seine konkrete Forschung
benotigte, zwar geschmiedet hatte, daB aber sein Hauptproblem - das
Verstehen des subjektiven Sinnes einer sozialen Handlung fur den
Handelnden selbst - noch der philosophischen Begriin- dung bedurfe.
Mein Lehrer der Rechtsphilosophie, Hans Kelsen, hatte den Versuch
unternommen, eine so1che philosophische 1 Tonbandaufzeichnung.
"Die soziale Welt und die Theorie der sozialen Handlung," das aus
gleich zu erkHirenden Griinden hinzugefiigt wurde, obwohl es yom
Autor nieht aufgefiihrt worden war. AIle vorliegenden Abhandlungen
sind, wie der Titel dieses Bandes anzeigt, Studien zur
soziologischen Theorie. Sie gruppieren sieh nach den allge- meinen
Kategorien der reinen und angewandten Theorie, wobei die erste
Gruppe die erst en zwei Abhandlungen dieses Buches um- faBt. Die
Reihenfolge, in der sieh das Material innerhalb der zwei Hauptteile
prasentiert, ist im groBen und ganzen die chronolo- gische Folge
der Erstveroffentlichung. Zunachst ein paar Bemerkungen iiber den
Band als ganzen. Der Titel "Angewandte Theorie" kann vielleieht
miBverstand- lich erscheinen, wenn. man den Schliissel-Satz von
Teil2 in dem Sinne liest, als wiirde er Einsiehten in die Struktur
praktischer Ziele beinhalten. Diese Studien besch1i. ftigen sieh
Dieht mit "So- zial-Technik" (social engineering) oder "Wie lost
man soziale Probleme?" Sie beschaftigen sieh, wie der Autor in
seinem ganzen Lebenswerk, mit der Anwendung der Theorie auf ein
besseres Verstandnis der sozialen Realitat. Ihr Akzent liegt mehr
auf dem Verstehen als auf der Anwendung. Und dennoch fiihren die
hier entwiekelten Interpretationen des tieferen Sinnes von mensch-
lichem Verhalten naher zu einem sinnvollen Zugang zu dessen
Problemen als es Abhandlung iiber "Techniken und Methoden des
Losens von Problemen" je konnten. Der Mann, der mit einem Hauch von
Selbstreflektion Aufsatze schrieb iiber "Gleiehheit" und iiber "Den
Fremden" und iiber "Den Heimkehrel," ist in allen menschliehen
Dingen ein Weiser und nieht minder ein Forscher und Gelehrter.
Schutz demonstrates that progressive ideas of democracy emerged out
of the practices of a new middle class, reacting, in part, against
the more conflictive social struggles of the working-class. The
volume traces two distinct branches of democratic progressivism:
collaborative and personalist.
John Adams and Benjamin Rush were two remarkably different men who
shared a devotion to liberty. Their dialogues on the implications
of fame for their generation prove remarkably timely--even for the
twenty-first century.Adams and Rush championed very different views
on the nature of the American Revolution and of the republic
established with the United States Constitution; yet they shared
one of the most important correspondences of their time.John Adams
and Benjamin Rush met in 1774 as members of the Continental
Congress--Adams from Massachusetts, Rush from Pennsylvania. In
1805, after Adams was defeated in his quest of a second term as the
new republic's second President, the two men self-consciously
commenced an exchange of letters. Their recurring subject was fame.
This emphasis on fame was crucial, Adams and Rush believed, because
on the fame attached to individual leaders of the Revolutionary
generation would depend the view of the Revolution and of the
Constitution and republican government that would be embraced by
generations to come, including our own.The new Liberty Fund edition
of "The Spur of Fame" reproduces a text originally published by the
Huntington Library.Douglass Adair (1912-1968) edited the "William
and Mary Quarterly" from 1947 to 1955, and was a greatly
influential professor and writer. Adair co-edited "Origin and
Progress of the American Rebellion" with John A. Schutz in 1961.
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