This IAU Symposium brought together researchers who use CCDs and arrays, designers and manufacturers of CCDs and array mosaics, and those who write the software to control these devices and to reduce the large amounts of data contained in each frame. At the meeting such topics as plans for applying the new technology to the new large telescopes that have been built recently and those planned in the near future, new developments in infra-red arrays, advances and concerns with the use of CCDs in photometry and spectroscopy and the creation of large mosaics in photometry and spectroscopy, and the creation of large mosaics of chips which allow larger areas of the sky to be covered in a single frame were discussed. There were sessions devoted to the following topics: new developments in CCD technology; new developments in IR detector arrays; direct imaging with CCDs and other arrays; spectroscopy with CCDs and other arrays; and large field imaging with array mosaics. Scientific results of studies made with this technology were covered in the poster sessions. CCD and array detectors have become the detectors of choice at all the world's optical observatories. Such instruments on small university and college telescopes have turned these telescopes into instruments that can now do observations which in the past were done only on the largest telescopes. CCDs and arrays are known as "the people's detector" because of their ability to turn small telescopes into true research instruments. On large telescopes observations can be made of extremely faint and crowded objects that were impossible to observe before the advent of CCD and Array technology. The proceedings of this meeting should be useful to all those who are interested in the design, manufacture and use of CCDs and arrays for astronomical observations.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

IAU Symposium No. 80, The HR Diagram - The 100th Anniversary of Henry Norris Russell was held on November 2-5, 1977 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D. C. , in order to commemmorate the birth of Henry Norris Russell on October 25, 1877 and to review current problems in the use of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The IAU has sponsored two previous conferences concerned mainly with the HR diagram; The Position of Variable Stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, a colloquium held at Bamberg in 1965 and The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram (IAU Symposium No. 10, J. L. Greenstein, ed. ) held in Moscow in 1959. In 1974 a conference, Multicolor Photometry and the Theoretical HR Diagram (Dudley Obs. Report No. 9, A. G. D. Philip and D. S. Hayes, eds. ) was held in Albany, N. Y. ; and in 1964 a conference, Basic Data Pertaining to the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, was held at the Flagstaff Station of the U. S. Naval Observatory in honor of Ejnar Hertzsprung and to dedicate the 61-inch astrometric reflector. (Vistas in Astronomy Vol. ~, A. Beer and K. Aa. Strand, eds. , Pergamon Press, Oxford). Volume 12 of Vistas in Astronomy, The Henry Norris Russell Memorial Volume (1970), contains a review paper on Changing Interpretations of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 1910-1940, A Historical Note by B. W. Sitterly.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.

IAU Symposium No. 167 brought together researchers who use CCDs and arrays, designers and manufacturers of CCDs and Array Mosaics and those who write the software to control these devices and to reduce the large amounts of data contained in each frame. At the meeting such topics as plans for applying the new technology to the new large telescopes that have been built recently and those planned in the near future, new developments in infrared arrays, advances and concerns with the use of CCDs in photometry and spectroscopy and the creation of large mosaics in photometry and spectroscopy and the creation of large mosaics of chips which allow larger areas of the sky to be covered in a single frame were discussed. There were sessions devoted to the following topics: New Developments in CCD Technology; New Developments in IR Detector Arrays; Direct Imaging with CCDs and Other Arrays; Spectroscopy with CCDs and Other Arrays; and Large Field Imaging with Array Mosaics. Scientific results of studies made with this technology were covered in the poster sessions. CCD and Array Detectors have become the detectors of choice at all the world's optical observatories. Such instruments on small university and college telescopes have turned these telescopes into instruments that can now do observations which in the past were done only on the largest telescopes. CCDs and Arrays are known as the people's detector' because of their ability to turn small telescopes into true research instruments. On large telescopes observations can be made of extremely faint and crowded objects that were impossible to observe before the advent of CCD and Array technology. The proceedings of this meeting will be useful toall those who are interested in the design, manufacture and use of CCDs and Arrays for astronomical observations.

In the centennial year, 1985-86, of Harlow Shapley's birth, the study of globular clusters was no less important to the development of astronomy than in 1915, when Shapley first noted their concentration on the sky. By 1917 Shapley had used the properties of the system of globular clusters to complete the Copernican revolution and locate the solar system, and its Earth-bound observers, far from the center of the Galaxy and the globular cluster distribution. Seven decades later, in the year of these proceedings, globular cluster research and the study of the system of globular clusters in our own and distant galaxies is undergoing a renaissance of activity. The introduction of new observational tools, particularly CCD imagers and digital spectrographs, as well as powerful theoretical methods have transformed the study of globular clusters into one of the main line areas of modern astrophysics. Thus it seemed particularly appropriate to one of us, when considering how the Harvard College Observatory might mark the Shapley centennial, to propose and plan for an IAU Symposium on Globular Cluster Systems in Galaxies. Planning for the Shapley Symposium, as it came to be called, was even more drawn out than the preparation of this volume. The Symposium was originally proposed to the IAU Secretariat in time for it to be held in August, 1985, so that it might occur in the centennial (calendar) year.

IAU Symposium No. 111, "Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quanti- ties", was held at Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, on May 24-29, 1984. Meet- ings held in the past ten years on related topics include: IAU Symposium No. 109, '*Astrometric Techniques", held at the University of Florida in Jan. , 1984, "The MK Process and Stellar Classification", held at the University of Toronto in June, 1983, "Stellar Absolute Energy Distri- butions", an unpublished Joint Meeting (Commissions 25 and 45), held at the General Assembly of the IAU in Patras, Greece in August, 1982, IAU Colloquium No. 62, "Current Techniques in Double and Multiple Star Re- search", held at Northern Arizona University in May, 1981, the ESO Work- fl shop: "Methods of Abundance Determination for Stars , held in Geneva in March, 1980, "Problems of Calibration of Multicolor Photometric Sys tems", held at Dudley Observatory in March, 1979, IAU Colloquium No. 48, "Modern Astrometry", held at the University of Vienna in Sept. , 1978, IAU Colloquium No. 50, "High Angular Resolution Stellar Interferometry" held at the University of Maryland in Aug. , 1978, "Spectral Classifice. - tion of the Future", held at the Vatican in July, 1978 and IAU Sympos- ium No. 72, "Abundance Effects in Classification", held at the Univer- sity of Lausanne in July, 1975. The present meeting was the first to cover the broad range of the calibration of fundamental stellar qU8T". ti- ties in one meeting. Nine commissions of the IAU co-sponsored the meeting.

IAU Symposium No. 80, The HR Diagram - The 100th Anniversary of Henry Norris Russell was held on November 2-5, 1977 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington D. C. , in order to commemmorate the birth of Henry Norris Russell on October 25, 1877 and to review current problems in the use of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The IAU has sponsored two previous conferences concerned mainly with the HR diagram; The Position of Variable Stars in the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, a colloquium held at Bamberg in 1965 and The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram (IAU Symposium No. 10, J. L. Greenstein, ed. ) held in Moscow in 1959. In 1974 a conference, Multicolor Photometry and the Theoretical HR Diagram (Dudley Obs. Report No. 9, A. G. D. Philip and D. S. Hayes, eds. ) was held in Albany, N. Y. ; and in 1964 a conference, Basic Data Pertaining to the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, was held at the Flagstaff Station of the U. S. Naval Observatory in honor of Ejnar Hertzsprung and to dedicate the 61-inch astrometric reflector. (Vistas in Astronomy Vol. ~, A. Beer and K. Aa. Strand, eds. , Pergamon Press, Oxford). Volume 12 of Vistas in Astronomy, The Henry Norris Russell Memorial Volume (1970), contains a review paper on Changing Interpretations of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 1910-1940, A Historical Note by B. W. Sitterly.

Stereochemistry is defined as the study of the three-dimensional structure of molecules. Stereochemical considerations are important in both isomerism and studies of the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Implicit in a mechanism is the stereochemistry of the reaction: in other words, the relative three-dimensional orientation of the reacting particles at any time in the reaction. Concentrating on organic chemistry, early chapters deal mainly with definitions of terms such as chirality, enantiomers, diastereoisomers and racemization, complete with suitable examples to illustrate key concepts. Use of a polarimeter and associated definitions are described, together with two different conventions D, L and R, S for specification of configuration. Chirality without a stereogenic centre, in molecules such as allenes for example, is also covered. The distinction between conformation and configuration is developed to include assignment of configurations to di-substituted cyclohexanes and to the decalins. The conventions E, Z and Re, Si are introduced for sp2 hybridized carbons as found in alkenes and carbonyl compounds. Diastereotopic groups are discussed. Aspects of stereochemistry are explored through consideration of addition reactions to alkenes and carbonyl groups, nucleophilic substitution, and reactions (and interactions) involved in the resolution of racemic mixtures. Additional material is available on the website at www.rsc.org/tct Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

This introduction to organic spectroscopic analysis aims to provide the reader with a basic understanding of how nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) give rise to spectra, and how these spectra can be used to determine the structure of organic molecules. The text aims to lead the reader to an appreciation of the information available from each form of spectroscopy and an ability to use spectroscopic information in the identification of organic compounds. Aimed at undergraduate students, Organic Spectroscopic Analysis is a unique textbook containing large numbers of spectra, problems and marginal notes, specifically chosen to highlight the points being discussed. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Nucleic Acids describes the way in which the fundamentally important biological activities of these molecules can be understood in terms of their chemical structures. The book focuses on the chemistry of the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA). However, because nucleic acid chemistry cannot be fully understood without some knowledge of the underlying biology, a substantial amount of the background biology is also included. Beginning with a concise review of the biological roles of nucleic acids, the text then discusses the components from which they are made, and works up through nucleosides and nucleotides to the covalent structures of the nucleic acids themselves. The double helical structure of DNA and its implications for replication are then described. This is followed by a detailed treatment of the chemistry of the processes by which the information encoded in DNA is expressed in terms of the amino acid sequences of proteins. The final chapter describes modern tools of DNA analysis and how they have been used in a range of recent applications such as gene cloning, genome sequence analysis, and DNA fingerprinting. Although targeted specifically at undergraduate chemistry students, Nucleic Acids will also be of interest to undergraduates studying biochemistry. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

This book presents basic atomic theory as given in first and second year courses at university. It demonstrates that the structure of the Periodic Table as we know it is based on sound principles. Throughout the book, theoretical concepts are presented, along with the experimental evidence for them. Foundations are laid in the introductory chapter, which deals with fundamental particles, electromagnetic radiation and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Atomic orbitals are then described, using a minimum of mathematics, followed by a discussion of the electron configurations of the elements. Further chapters reveal the relationships between the electronic configurations of the elements and some properties of their atoms; and the variations in the properties of their fluorides and oxides across the periods and down the groups of the Periodic Table. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Encompassing all aspects of the structures of peptides and proteins, this book adopts a uniquely problem-oriented approach to the topic. Starting with a look at the structures and properties of the twenty amino acids that occur in proteins, and moving on to the synthesis of polypeptides and the isolation of proteins, Peptides and Proteins then addresses the methods of analysis of protein characteristics, including the modern methods of sequence analysis by mass spectrometry. Further chapters examine the three-dimensional nature of protein structure, and introduce the student to the use of computer applications (molecular graphics, databases, bioinformatics) in protein chemistry. Original research data is used in many of the problems, and throughout sufficient background biology is included, thus putting the subject into context for chemists. Aimed at first and second-year chemistry students, this title will also be of interest to students of biochemistry. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

What do a pharmaceutical, polymer and solid state chemist have in common? Organometallic chemistry of course, since progress in their diverse fields has at many times relied on this. It is a discipline which stands at the crossroads of so many branches of chemistry, with industrial applications ranging from the gram to megatonne scale. This book aims to introduce undergraduates to the utility of organotransition metal chemistry, a discipline of importance to scientists and technologists in a variety of industry sectors. The main focus will be on the reactivity of organometallic compounds of the transition metals, supported by discussion of structure and bonding and their implications. The aim, on completion of the course, is that a student will be equipped to recognize the key classes of organometallic compounds, their methods of characterization, possible synthetic routes and anticipated reactivity. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

The last twenty years or so has seen a change in the perception of solid state chemistry, in particular the scientific significance of understanding the relationship between chemical structure and physical properties. As such, it now forms an important part of both mainstream chemistry and material science degrees. Reactions and Characterization of Solids is designed as an introductory text with plenty of illustrative examples to reinforce the essentials of the topic. In the first few chapters, the fundamental principles of elementary crystal chemistry are introduced, together with the principles of both preparing and characterizing materials in the solid state. Some elementary thermodynamics are also included at this stage to introduce the idea of bond strength as a method of determining and predicting compound stability. General physical properties such as electronic and magnetic behaviour are discussed, together with specific topics relating to solid state materials such as non-stoichiometry. Furthermore, several solid state materials are described in detail, relating the fundamental properties and structural behaviour covered throughout the book to real systems and working materials. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Functional Group Chemistry presents the chemistry of functional groups with an emphasis on patterns of reactivity, the consequences of the relative electronegativity of the atoms that constitute functional groups, the role of lone pairs and the stereochemistry of reactions at a particular group. The material is presented in four chapters. The first chapter describes some of the general principles that affect the reactivity of functional groups. The second chapter examines the chemistry of functional groups involving - C-X bonds as in alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines and organometallic reagents. The third chapter covers the chemistry of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical -bonded functional groups, typified by alkenes and carbonyl groups. The final chapter concentrates on aromatic compounds. It is concerned with the interactions between an aromatic ring and functional groups that are attached to it, such as their effect on the orientation of aromatic substitution. Each chapter concludes with a series of problems. The chemistry of the functional groups is considered here with a mechanistic rationale. Students are encouraged to consider the reactivity of functional groups in terms of their regions of electron deficiency and excess, and hence to identify the sites at which nucleophiles and electrophiles might react. Additional material is available on the website at www.rsc.org/tct Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Structure and Bonding covers introductory atomic and molecular theory as given in first and second year undergraduate courses at university level. This book explains in non-mathematical terms where possible, the factors that govern covalent bond formation, the lengths and strengths of bonds and molecular shapes. Throughout the book, theoretical concepts and experimental evidence are integrated. An introductory chapter summarizes the principles on which the Periodic Table is established, and describes the periodicity of various atomic properties which are relevant to chemical bonding. Symmetry and group theory are introduced to serve as the basis of all molecular orbital treatments of molecules. This basis is then applied to a variety of covalent molecules with discussions of bond lengths and angles and hence molecular shapes. Extensive comparisons of valence bond theory and VSEPR theory with molecular orbital theory are included. Metallic bonding is related to electrical conduction and semi-conduction. The energetics of ionic bond formation and the transition from ionic to covalent bonding is also covered. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Synthesis is one of the major endeavours of the organic chemist, and the design of a successful synthesis requires a sound knowledge of functional group chemistry, stereochemistry and organic reaction mechanisms. Organic Synthetic Methods introduces the major methods of creating carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bonds, along with functional group interconversions (oxidation, reduction, halogenation). The use of protecting groups and solid-phase methods are also discussed. The analysis of the structure of a target molecule, in terms of the structural consequences of synthetic reactions, is introduced to enable the student to identify key dissections and building blocks and hence develop a suitable synthetic method. Examples of the synthesis of labelled compounds are also provided. Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major new series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.