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The current state of the art of various aspects of micro emulsion
systems is reflected in this volume. Major topics discussed
include: general background on solubilized systems, phase diagrams
and phase equi- libria, bicontinuous microemulsions, Winsor's
phases, theories and models of complex self association structures,
cry tical behaviour, phase tran- sitions in lyotropic liquid
crystals. I hope that this book will serve its intended objective
of reflecting our current understanding of microemulsions both in
theory and practice, and that it will be useful to researchers,
both novices as well as experts, as a valuable reference source. I
feel indebted to the people of the Ettore Majorana Centre: the
friendly atmosphere of the Erice centre provided a very effective
environ- ment to enjoy the company of colleagues and friends during
breaks and after sessions, and to discuss problems of mutual
interest. The courtesy, efficiency and devotion of the secretarial
and technical staff was also appreciated, and greatly contributed
to make the Workshop a smoothly run- ning one. The Scientific
Secretary Donatella Senatra Department of Physics University of
Florence (Italy) v INTRODUCTION The decision to publish. in a more
permanent form than heretofore. the Proceedings of the Workshop on
"Progress in Microemulsion" of the Inter- national School of
Quantum Electronics. which was held in Erice (Italy) from October
26 to November 1st. 1985. under the auspices of the "Ettore
Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. will prove to be a sound
one.
The conference "Nonlinear Optics and Optical Computing" was held
May 11-19, 1988 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 13th conference
organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under
the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific
Culture. This volume contains both the invited and contributed
papers presented at the conference, providing tutorial background,
the latest research results, and future directions for the devices,
structures and architectures of optical computing. The invention of
the transistor and the integrated circuit were followed by an
explosion of application as ever faster and more complex
microelectronics chips became available. The information revolution
occa sioned by digital computers and optical communications is now
reaching the limits of silicon semiconductor technology, but the
demand for faster com putation is still accelerating. The
fundamental limitations of information processing today derive from
the performance and cost of three technical factors: speed,
density, and software. Optical computation offers the potential for
improvements in all three of these critical areas: Speed is
provided by the transmission of impulses at optical veloc ities,
without the delays caused by parasitic capacitance in the case of
conventional electrical interconnects. Speed can also be achieved
through the massive parallelism characteristic of many optical
computing architec tures; Density can be provided in optical
computers in two ways: by high spatial resolution, on the order of
wavelengths of light, and by computa tion or interconnection in
three dimensions."
This volume contains the Proceedings of a two-week course on "Laser
Applications to Biology and Medicine" held from September 4 to 16,
1983 in Erice, Italy. This is the 10th annual course of the
International School of Quantum Electronics organized under the
auspices of the "E. Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture., Among
the possible approaches to a course on Laser Applications to
Biology and Medicine, the one which emphasizes the scientific and
technological aspects of the advanced laser techniques when applied
to laboratory and clinical tests has been chosen. In fact, it
reflects the new policy of the School to stress the advanced scien
tific and technological achievements in the field of Quantum Elec
tronics. Accordingly, the Course has given the broadest information
on the ultimate performances already achieved and the perspectives
of their applications. Because of the great variety of applications
of laser in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering and related
branches of science, this school addressed a subject of
interdisciplinary interest. The formal sessions have been balanced
between tutorial presentations and lectures focusing on unsolved
problems and future directions. In addition, wide time has been
provided for the par ticipants to meet together informally for
additional discussions on the forefront of current work. Therefore
the character of the Course was a blend of current research and
tutorial reviews."
The conference "Laser Science and Technology" was held May 11-19,
1987 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 12th conference organized by
the Internatio nal School of Quantum Electronics, under the
auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture.
This volume contains both the in vited and contributed papers
presented at the conference, covering current research work in two
areas: new laser sources, and laser applications. The operation of
the first laser by Dr. Theodore Maiman in 1960 initia ted a decade
of scientific exploration of new laser sources. This was fol lowed
by the decade of the 1970s, which was characterized by "technology
push" in which the discoveries of the 1960s were seeking practical
applica tion. In the 1980s we are instead seeking "applications
pull," in which the success and rapid maturing of laser
applications provides both inspiration and financial resources to
stimulate additional work both on laser sources and applications.
The papers presented in these Proceedings attest to the great
vitali ty of research in both these areas: New Laser Sources. The
papers describe current developments in ultra violet excimer
lasers, X-ray lasers, and free electron lasers. These new lasers
share several characteristics: each is a potentially important
coher ent source; each is at a relatively short wavelength (below 1
micrometer); and each is receiving significant development
attention today."
This volume contains the proceedings of a two-week NATO A.S.I. on
Integrated Optics: Physics and Applications, held from August 17 to
August 30, 1981 in Erice, Italy. This is the 8th annual Course of
the "International School of Quantum Electronics" presented under
the auspices of the "E. Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture.
The subject was chosen in order to satisfy the demand for a course
on integrated optics which is relevant to the expanding use of
fiber optics for communication and signal processing. Integrated
Optics, encompassing all of the optical waveguide circuits which
are the optical analog of integrated circuits, is finding its way
into a variety of applications involving communi cations, high
speed signal-processing, and sensors of many kinds. However,
because the technology is still changing very rapidly, the
development of these exciting applications relies heavily upon the
physics of the integrated optical circuits themselves and the pro
cessing techniques used to fabricate them. This NATO A.S.I.
provided not only a thorough tutorial treatment of the field, but
also through panel discussions and additional lectures treated
topics at the forefront of present work. Therefore the character of
the Course was a blend of current research and tutorial reviews.
"The Physics and Applications of Integrated Optics" could hardly be
a more appropriate title to be chosen for this volume. Many of the
worlds' acknowledged leaders in the field have been brought
together to review and speculate on the accomplishments of
integrated optics."
The volume contains the proceedings of the 7th Course on Physics
and Technology of Free Electron Lasers of the International School
of Quantum Electronics, which was held in Erice (Italy) from 17 to
29 August 1980, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre
for Scientific Culture. The level of this Course was much closer to
a workshop than to a school, and "Advances in Free Electron Lasers"
might have been an appropriate title. Many of the world's leading
scientists in the field (among them, the inventor of FEL, J. M. J.
Madey) were brought together to review the accomplishments of FEL
experiments, as well various trends in FEL theory. In editing this
material we did not modify the original manu scripts except to
assist in uniformity of style. The papers. are presented without
reference to the chronology of the Course but in the following
topical arrangement: A. "Fundamentals of free electron lasers," a
group of tutorial papers; B. "Free electron lasers operating in the
Compton regime," where theories and experiments of FELs based on
Compton scattering are reviewed; C. "Free electron lasers operating
in the Raman regime," a dis cussion of FELs based on Raman
scattering; D. "Optical klystrons," where the possibility of this
class of FEL is discussed from a theoretical viewpoint; E."
The book is the output of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Optical Chemical Sensors and is 40th Course of the International
School of Quantum Electronics and covers all the aspects related to
optical chemical sensing by means of optical waveguides, from the
fundamentals to the most recent applications. The book also
provides a view through the history of the development of these
sensors, from the first laboratory prototypes up to the first
commercial instrumentations, and contains also the lecture given by
the Nobel Prize Charles Townes on the birth of maser and laser,
which is to be considered a very important illustration on how new
science and new technology develop.
The book is the output of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Optical Chemical Sensors and is 40th Course of the International
School of Quantum Electronics and covers all the aspects related to
optical chemical sensing by means of optical waveguides, from the
fundamentals to the most recent applications. The book also
provides a view through the history of the development of these
sensors, from the first laboratory prototypes up to the first
commercial instrumentations, and contains also the lecture given by
the Nobel Prize Charles Townes on the birth of maser and laser,
which is to be considered a very important illustration on how new
science and new technology develop.
The current state of the art of various aspects of micro emulsion
systems is reflected in this volume. Major topics discussed
include: general background on solubilized systems, phase diagrams
and phase equi- libria, bicontinuous microemulsions, Winsor's
phases, theories and models of complex self association structures,
cry tical behaviour, phase tran- sitions in lyotropic liquid
crystals. I hope that this book will serve its intended objective
of reflecting our current understanding of microemulsions both in
theory and practice, and that it will be useful to researchers,
both novices as well as experts, as a valuable reference source. I
feel indebted to the people of the Ettore Majorana Centre: the
friendly atmosphere of the Erice centre provided a very effective
environ- ment to enjoy the company of colleagues and friends during
breaks and after sessions, and to discuss problems of mutual
interest. The courtesy, efficiency and devotion of the secretarial
and technical staff was also appreciated, and greatly contributed
to make the Workshop a smoothly run- ning one. The Scientific
Secretary Donatella Senatra Department of Physics University of
Florence (Italy) v INTRODUCTION The decision to publish. in a more
permanent form than heretofore. the Proceedings of the Workshop on
"Progress in Microemulsion" of the Inter- national School of
Quantum Electronics. which was held in Erice (Italy) from October
26 to November 1st. 1985. under the auspices of the "Ettore
Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. will prove to be a sound
one.
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