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Biomass pyrolysis has been practised for centuries in the
manufacture of charcoal for industry and leisure. Only in the last
two decades, however, has attention focussed on a better
understanding of the science and technology, with the resultant
benefits of better designed and controlled processes that give high
yields of liquid products. These liquids, or 'bio-oil' as it is
referred to, can be used in a variety of ways: -combustion to
replace conventional fuel oil in boilers, process equipment such as
kilns and in gas turbines for power generation; -upgrading by
hydrotreating or with zeolites to gasoline, diesel and other
hydrocarbon fuels, of chemicals; --extraction and upgrading to fuel
additives and chemical specialities. Any charcoal produced can also
be utilised to form char- water slurries, analogous to coal-water
slurries, or bioi-oil slurries which may be used as liquid fuels in
many combustion applications. A group of experts was set up in the
EC Energy from Biomass programme to evaluate the status and
opportunities for deriving useful liquid products from biomass
pyrolysis. This book is a report of their findings and conclusions.
It forms an authoritative guide to the wide range of technologies
employed in biomass pyrolysis, and product upgrading, utilisation
and characterisation. Recommendations and conclusions are included
to identify promising areas of research and development that will
be of value to researchers, planners and companies throughout the
world.
The Fast Pyrolysis Handbook Volume 2 is an edited version of the
final report of the European Commission and IEA Bioenergy sponsored
Pyrolysis Network that officially finished in 2001. It provides a
companion volume to the first handbook published in 1999 and it is
again intended that this will provide a useful guide both to
newcomers to the subject area as well as those already involved in
research, development and implementation. A significant feature of
this second volume is the greater attention paid to addressing
commercial issues such as marketability, transportation and safety.
Fast pyrolysis is a high temperature process in which biomass is
rapidly heated in the absence of oxygen. As a result it decomposes
to generate mostly vapours and aerosols and some charcoal. After
cooling and condensation, a dark brown mobile liquid is formed
which has a heating value about half that of conventional fuel oil.
While it is related to the traditional pyrolysis processes for
making charcoal, fast pyrolysis is an advanced process that is
carefully controlled to give high yields of liquid. The essential
features of a fast pyrolysis process are: very high heating and
heat transfer rates, which usually requires a finely ground biomass
feed; carefully controlled pyrolysis reaction temperature of around
500C in the vapour phase, with short vapour residence times of
typically less than 2 seconds; rapid cooling of the pyrolysis
vapours to give the main product - bio-oil.
This handbook is an edited and updated version of the final report
of the IEA Bioenergy sponsored Pyrolysis Activity - PYRA - that
officially finished in 1998 and accomplished many valuable
contributions to the science and technology of fast pyrolysis. It
is intended that this handbook will provide a useful guide both to
newcomers to the subject area as well as those already involved in
research, development and implementation. The IEA Bioenergy
Pyrolysis Task is continuing this work as a collaborative project
with the European Commission network on fast pyrolysis of biomass
which is now known as PyNe. The European Network was first formed
in 1995 as an EC sponsored project in the AIR Programme
(AIR3-CT94-1857). At the end of the three-year lives of the
Networks in 1997, both sponsoring organisations recognised the
benefits from their integration. This led to the present PyNe
Network, which is co-sponsored by the European Commission FAIR
Programme (FAIR-CT97-3409) and IEA Bioenergy, and which itself is
sponsoring the publication of this book as a contribution to the
technology.
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