One: Pathophysiological considerations.- 1. The cell biology of atherosclerosis.- 2. The pathology of atherosclerosis.- Two: Occult carotid and cerebrovascular disease.- 3. The natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease.- 4. Techniques of screening, diagnosis and assessment of occult carotid and cerebrovascular disease.- 5. The diagnosis and management of occult atherosclerotic disease of the extra-cranial carotid artery.- Three: Occult coronary artery disease.- 6. Risk factors and epidemiology in the pathogenesis and clinical progress of occult coronary artery disease.- 7. ECG and stress testing in the diagnosis of occult atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries.- 8. Use of Holier monitoring in occult coronary artery disease.- 9. Radionuclide techniques in the diagnosis and assessment of occult coronary artery disease.- 10. Echocardiography in the diagnosis and assessment of occult coronary artery disease.- 11. Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis and assessment of occult coronary artery disease.- 12. Prognosis and management of occult coronary artery disease.- 13. Occult myocardial infarction.- Four: Occult atherosclerotic disease of the aorta and arteries of the lower limbs.- 14. Epidemiology of occult atherosclerosis in the lower limbs.- 15. Occult aortic aneurysm.- 16. Occult atherosclerotic disease of arteries of the lower limb - incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis and assessment.- 17. The detection of occult peripheral arterial disease using the one-minute exercise test.- 18. The management of occult atherosclerosis in arteries of the lower limbs.- Five: Occult atherosderotic disease of the renal and mesenteric arteries.- 19. Occult atherosclerotic involvement of the renal vasculature-pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and investigations contributing to management.- 20. Investigations of mesenteric and renal arteriosclerotic disease.- Six: New techniques, combined lesions and prevention.- 21. Use of DNA technology in the diagnosis of occult atherosclerotic disease.- 22. Occult cardiovascular atherosderotic disease in the diabetic.- 23. Who should be investigated for occult atherosderotic disease?.- 24. Prevention of occult atherosderotic disease.

Arterial and venous diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in most of the world, especially in the western hemisphere. Not only of interest to angiologists, these illnesses are also of concern to most physicians in various fields ranging from cardiology, general medicine and cardiovascular surgery to physiology, pathology and clinical pharmacology. Specialists in diabetes, hypertension and epidemiology find these illnesses as challenging in their own fields of interest due to the gross interrelation of these diseases with their specialities. This book of 35 chapters contains an up-to-date discussion of various arterial and venous illnesses presenting major clinical applications ranging from basic pathology, haemodynamics and haemorheology to clinical features and management. Special attention has also been paid to epidemiology and prevention, discussing all the issues concerned. A special section on vascular emergency has also been included, thereby extending its usefulness to physicians and surgeons working in accident and emergency units.

Cardiac output has always been a subject of interest to both clinicians and researchers in different branches of medicine and surgery. In the last decade more attention has also been paid to its application in pediatrics, neonatology, fetal medicine and pregnancy. Better understanding of the peripheral circulation has provided more insight into the patholophysiology of different diseases. Many cardiac and non-cardiac disorders affect cardiac outputs. Monitoring of the changes in cardiac output is also important in the acutely ill patient. There are several methods to measure cardiac output, each with advantages and pitfalls. This book deals with all relevant aspects of cardiac output in eight parts: part one describes the methods of measuring cardiac output and a comparison between the catheterisation based and the noninvasive techniques, while part two describes the changes in cardiac output due to physiological causes. Part three describes cardiac output in cardiac diseases and systemic hypertension. Cardiac output in acutely ill patients is discussed in part four. Effect of cardiac medications, temporary atrial pacing, permanent pacing, pharmacologic stress testing and anesthesia are covered in detail in part six, while changes in cardiac output in noncardiac diseases are described in part seven. Finally great attention has been paid in part eight to the regional circulation including cerebral, coronary, skeletal and splanchnic circulations. A separate chapter discusses in detail the dynamics of blood flow. This book will be useful both to the cardiologists as well as to physicians in other fields of surgery and medicine and to their trainees. Readers will find this book an interesting and a useful reference on the topic of cardiac output.