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Plant growth and development is closely dependent on the plant
environment, including the wide-spread presence of organic and
inorganic xenobiotics and pollutants. Currently, heavy metals are
the most common inorganic environmental pollutants and they have
pronounced effects and consequences not only for plants, but also
for the ecosystem in which the plants form an integral component.
It has been suggested that these contaminants accumulate in
agricultural crops, thus entering the food chain and posing a
significant health risk. Plants growing in polluted sites exhibit
altered metabolism, reduced growth, and decreased biomass
production. These pollutants adhere to plant roots and exert
physical or chemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in
plants. Yet, plants have developed various defence mechanisms to
counteract the toxicity induced by heavy metals. Only detailed
study of the processes and mechanisms would allow researchers and
students to understand the interactions, responses, and adaptations
of plants to these pollutants; however, there are several
unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and
biological effects of heavy metals. Therefore, this volume provides
relevant, state-of-the-art findings on environmental phytotoxicity
and the mechanisms of such interactions at the cellular and
molecular levels. This volume consists of chapters on relevant
topics contributed by different experts or group of experts so as
to make available a comprehensive treatise designed to provide an
in-depth analysis of heavy metals phytotoxicity. This book may
serve as a reference to scientists, researchers and students in the
fields of toxicology, environmental toxicology, phytotoxicology,
plant biology, plant physiology, plant biochemistry and plant
molecular biology, and especially those interested in heavy metals
toxicology.
Plant growth and development is closely dependent on the plant
environment, including the wide-spread presence of organic and
inorganic xenobiotics and pollutants. Currently, heavy metals are
the most common inorganic environmental pollutants and they have
pronounced effects and consequences not only for plants, but also
for the ecosystem in which the plants form an integral component.
It has been suggested that these contaminants accumulate in
agricultural crops, thus entering the food chain and posing a
significant health risk. Plants growing in polluted sites exhibit
altered metabolism, reduced growth, and decreased biomass
production. These pollutants adhere to plant roots and exert
physical or chemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in
plants. Yet, plants have developed various defence mechanisms to
counteract the toxicity induced by heavy metals. Only detailed
study of the processes and mechanisms would allow researchers and
students to understand the interactions, responses, and adaptations
of plants to these pollutants; however, there are several
unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and
biological effects of heavy metals. Therefore, this volume provides
relevant, state-of-the-art findings on environmental phytotoxicity
and the mechanisms of such interactions at the cellular and
molecular levels. This volume consists of chapters on relevant
topics contributed by different experts or group of experts so as
to make available a comprehensive treatise designed to provide an
in-depth analysis of heavy metals phytotoxicity. This book may
serve as a reference to scientists, researchers and students in the
fields of toxicology, environmental toxicology, phytotoxicology,
plant biology, plant physiology, plant biochemistry and plant
molecular biology, and especially those interested in heavy metals
toxicology.
This book introduces the reader to synthetic or artificial seeds,
which refer to alginate encapsulated somatic embryos, vegetative
buds or any other micropropagules that can be used as seeds and
converted into plantlets after propagating under in vitro or in
vivo conditions. Moreover, synthetic seeds retain their potential
for regeneration even after low-temperature storage. The production
of synthetic or artificial seeds using micropropagules opens up new
vistas in agricultural biotechnology. Encapsulated propagules could
be used for in vitro regeneration and mass multiplication at
reasonable cost. In addition, these propagules may be used for
germplasm preservation of elite plant species and the exchange of
plant materials between national and international laboratories.
This book offers state-of-the-art findings on methods, applications
and prospects of synthetic or artificial seeds.
This book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles' toxicity,
their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with
plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large
specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high
chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique
physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to
study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the
environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences
for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in
nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth
reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere
to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently
cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed
various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This
books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved
issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological
effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes
and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex
plant-nanomaterial interactions.
This book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles' toxicity,
their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with
plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large
specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high
chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique
physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to
study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the
environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences
for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in
nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth
reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere
to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently
cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed
various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This
books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved
issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological
effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes
and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex
plant-nanomaterial interactions.
This book introduces the reader to synthetic or artificial seeds,
which refer to alginate encapsulated somatic embryos, vegetative
buds or any other micropropagules that can be used as seeds and
converted into plantlets after propagating under in vitro or in
vivo conditions. Moreover, synthetic seeds retain their potential
for regeneration even after low-temperature storage. The production
of synthetic or artificial seeds using micropropagules opens up new
vistas in agricultural biotechnology. Encapsulated propagules could
be used for in vitro regeneration and mass multiplication at
reasonable cost. In addition, these propagules may be used for
germplasm preservation of elite plant species and the exchange of
plant materials between national and international laboratories.
This book offers state-of-the-art findings on methods, applications
and prospects of synthetic or artificial seeds.
Medicinal plants have acquired increasing significance in
development co-operation over the last few years. Their use and
propagation are cross-sectoral concerns that embrace not only
health-care but also nature conservation, biodiversity, economic
assistance, trade and legal aspects (e.g. intellectual property).
The present book presents biotechnological approaches for the in
vitro conservation and mass propagation of two important medicinal
plants viz; Tylophora indica and Rauvolfia tetraphylla. Both the
plants are rapidly disappearing due to its extensive indiscriminate
collection from wild, poor seed germination and lack of adequate
commercial plantation. Regeneration and establishment of plantlets
through various plant tissue culture techniques has been discussed
in this book. The application of these protocols can help to
minimize the pressure on wild populations and contribute to the
conservation of these valuable medicinal plants. Regeneration of
plants from alginate encapsulated shoot buds could be used as nodal
delivery system for germplasm storage and exchange. Physiological
and biochemical changes during ex vitro establishment
micropropagated plants has been discussed.
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