The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI. Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs. This book offers applicable knowledge of the structure of the human body and foundation information for understanding physiology, cell & tissue biology, developmental biology (bones, joint, blood & skeletal muscles), CVS, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine, nervous and reproductive systems. The functions of the various organ systems and the organs associated with each system are described. Non-communicable diseases are also mentioned to facilitate students for awaring significant facts to the real-world situations and help them to encounter in their chosen profession.

Intra venous regional anesthesia of hand and forearm holds an important place in developing countries because of its simplicity, safety, and economy. Anesthesiologists have been striving for many years to improve the efficacy and duration of regional anesthesia by injecting opioids close to nerve trunks or nerve endings. Opioids are most commonly used as adjuncts in IVRA along with local anesthetics. There is paucity of literature on the use butorphanol, in IVRA. We evaluated the effects of addition of butorphanol to lignocaine in Bier's block. We found that addition of 1 mg butorphanol tartrate to lignocaine in IVRA prolongs the time to request for first rescue analgesic and lessens the 24 hour total postoperative analgesic requirement. We recommend the use of butorphanol 1 mg as an adjunct to lignocaine in IVRA as it provides better postoperative analgesia, reduces requirement of postoperative rescue analgesics, and has a good safety profile.

Transdermal and topical formulations are becoming increasingly important and their use in therapy is becoming more widespread.Emulgels are emulsions, either of the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type, which are gelled by mixing with a gelling agent. They have a high patient acceptability since they possess the advantages of both emulsions and gels. Therefore, they have been recently used as vehicles to deliver various drugs to the skin.

The sole purpose of "Periodontal Diseases: Risk Assessment and Management" is to provide evidence based concise material to dental clinicians, physicians, medical and dental postgraduate students as well as those in residency training necessary for the treatment of patients suffering from both periodontal disease and systemic involvement. This effort should prove useful in illuminating the influence of systemic and environmental risk factors that alter the expression of periodontal disease. Assessment and management of risk factors is important for individuals who wish to keep themselves updated with the current research and knowledge imperative for improving the total health care of our society.