The book encompasses the nanoscale semiconductor field by amalgamating a broad multidisciplinary arena including applications for energy conservation, materials performance enhancement, electronic circuitry, video displays, lighting, photovoltaics, quantum computing, memory, chemo- and biosensors, pharmaceuticals and medical diagnostics inter alia. The first section presents a comprehensive introductory overview of the photophysics, instrumentation and experimental methodology of nanomaterial luminescence. In the second and third sections of the book, invited experts highlight more specific advanced research areas that have either shown potential for, or have already realized, significant impact on the day-to-day aspects of modern life and the world economy.