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This book analyses the World Bank's provision of technical
assistance from 1946 to the present day. It argues that the
relational dynamics between technical assistance provider and
recipient affects the legitimacy of policy norms travelling from
the 'international' to the 'domestic'. Beginning from the
constructivist position that 'development' is a social construct,
the author contends that successful policy movement via technical
assistance depends on the recipient's perception of the validity of
policy reforms, with perception being influenced by the way those
ideas and practices are presented, packaged, and transferred. In
advancing this argument, Bazbauers analyses four pillars of World
Bank technical assistance: technical assistance components
(advisory services incorporated within lending operations),
stand-alone technical assistance projects (projects designed to
solely deliver technical assistance), survey missions (activities
involved in measuring the development status of developing
countries), and training institutes (the courses of the Economic
Development Institute and World Bank Institute).
This book explores the evolution of the 30 functioning multilateral
development banks (MDBs). MDBs have their roots in the growing
system of international finance and multilateral cooperation, with
the first recognisable MDB being proposed by Latin America in
financial cooperation with the US in the late 1930s. That
Inter-American Bank did not eventuate but was a precursor to the
World Bank being negotiated at Bretton Woods in 1944. Since then, a
complex network of regional, sub-regional, and specialised
development banks has progressively emerged across the globe,
including two significant recent entrants established by China and
the BRICS. MDBs arrange loans, credits, and guarantees for
investment in member states, generally with the stated aim of
fostering economic growth. They operate in both the Global North
and South, though there are more MDBs focusing on emerging and
developing states. While the World Bank and some of the larger
regional banks have been scrutinised, little attention has been
paid to the smaller banks or the overall system. This book provides
the first study of all 30 MDBs and it evaluates their
interrelationships. It analyses the emergence of the MDBs in
relation to geopolitics, development paradigms and debt. It
includes sections on each of the banks as well as on how MDBs have
approached the key sectors of infrastructure, human development,
and climate. This book will be of particular interest to
researchers of development finance, global governance, and
international political economy.
This book explores the evolution of the 30 functioning multilateral
development banks (MDBs). MDBs have their roots in the growing
system of international finance and multilateral cooperation, with
the first recognisable MDB being proposed by Latin America in
financial cooperation with the US in the late 1930s. That
Inter-American Bank did not eventuate but was a precursor to the
World Bank being negotiated at Bretton Woods in 1944. Since then, a
complex network of regional, sub-regional, and specialised
development banks has progressively emerged across the globe,
including two significant recent entrants established by China and
the BRICS. MDBs arrange loans, credits, and guarantees for
investment in member states, generally with the stated aim of
fostering economic growth. They operate in both the Global North
and South, though there are more MDBs focusing on emerging and
developing states. While the World Bank and some of the larger
regional banks have been scrutinised, little attention has been
paid to the smaller banks or the overall system. This book provides
the first study of all 30 MDBs and it evaluates their
interrelationships. It analyses the emergence of the MDBs in
relation to geopolitics, development paradigms and debt. It
includes sections on each of the banks as well as on how MDBs have
approached the key sectors of infrastructure, human development,
and climate. This book will be of particular interest to
researchers of development finance, global governance, and
international political economy.
In recent years the effort devoted to assuring both the safety and
reliability of commercial nuclear fission power reactors has
markedly increased. The incentives for performing this work are
large since the resulting im provement in plant productivity
translates into lower fuel costs and, more importantly, reduced
reliance on imported oil. Reliability and availability of nuclear
power plants, whether fission or fusion, demand that more attention
be focused on the behavior of materials. Recent experiences with
fission power indicate that the basic properties of materials,
which categorize their reliable behavior under specified
conditions, need reinforcement to assure trouble-free operation for
the expected service life. The pursuit of additional information
con tinues to demand a better understanding of some of the observed
anom alous behavior, and of the margin of resistance of materials
to unpre dictable service conditions. It is also apparent that,
next to plasma heating and confinement, materials selection
represents the most serious chal lenge to the introduction of
fusion power. The recognition of the importance of materials
performance to nu clear plant performance has sustained a
multimillion dollar worldwide research and development effort that
has yielded significant results, both in quantification of the
performance limits of materials in current use and the development
and qualification of new materials. Most of this infor mation
appears in the open literature in the form of research reports,
journal articles, and conference proceedings."
LEON ANONYMOUS] is a dramatic suspense-thriller told in the first
person about a young man, Leon, whose mother loses the ability to
love after the drowning death of her eldest son. Riddled with guilt
Leon matures into manhood and goes off to university to study law
only to be entangled in a web of lies and deceit as a childhood
friend is kidnapped then murdered by his government's secret police
revealing Leon's friend's involvement with a subversive student led
organization hell bent on overthrowing the corrupt dictatorship.
Or, is he? While held prisoner, Leon must choose between guarding
the secrets of this long dead friend and risking the possible
deaths of his estranged family. Leon (Anonymous)... "This is a
terrific job for Mr. Abarca's debut novel" - The KBR. Leon
(Anonymous)... A scared boy who became a man. A man who became a
prisoner. A prisoner who inspired the liberation of a country. Leon
(Anonymous)... Captivating. Riveting. Cry freedom Adrian Robert
Abarca is the author of three novels including, 'Land of the
Infected' and 'Caught in the Rain'. He lives and works in Los
Angeles, CA.
Interferons are cytokines that are very important in regulating
both innate and adaptive immune response. Of the two different
types of interferons, Type I interferons are potent mediators of
the innate immune response against viruses and cancer. Type II
interferons, mainly IFN-y enhances T cell polarisation in the lymph
nodes that result in their expansion. This book discusses the
characterisation, mechanisms of action and clinical applications of
interferons. Topics include interferon-gamma, oligodendrocyte
injury and inflammatory demyelination; the role of IFN-y in
oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma; interferons in multiple
sclerosis; the effect of interferons on NK cell activity in HIV
infection and tumour cell development; and understanding the
mechanisms of interaction between serine proteases, serine protease
receptors and interferons.
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