Despite three decades of continuous globalization, transitional economies in many countries remain marginalized. In order to maximize the positive growth of employment creation opportunities in various sectors, including agriculture, existing patterns of long-run sustainable equilibrium relationships, technology transfers, and trade to promote export-led economic growth must be examined and identified. Regional Trade and Development Strategies in the Era of Globalization provides a comprehensive overview of globalization and regional initiative trends of trade and development through the examination of theoretical and practical experiences of their underpinning principles through approaches to overcome the obstacles of globalization and its positive and negative impacts on global trade and economic development. The content within this publication examines economic integration, foreign investment, and financial risk. It is designed for trade specialists, government officials, students, researchers, policymakers, business professionals, academicians, and economists.

Despite three decades of continuous globalization, transitional economies in many countries remain marginalized. In order to maximize the positive growth of employment creation opportunities in various sectors, including agriculture, existing patterns of long-run sustainable equilibrium relationships, technology transfers, and trade to promote export-led economic growth must be examined and identified. Regional Trade and Development Strategies in the Era of Globalization provides a comprehensive overview of globalization and regional initiative trends of trade and development through the examination of theoretical and practical experiences of their underpinning principles through approaches to overcome the obstacles of globalization and its positive and negative impacts on global trade and economic development. The content within this publication examines economic integration, foreign investment, and financial risk. It is designed for trade specialists, government officials, students, researchers, policymakers, business professionals, academicians, and economists.

This book is designed for use in courses that the economics of development in Asia, Africa and Latin America. I am confident that this book will be helpful to meet the requirements of the economic researchers as well university students who studying the courses of economics, and management at graduate and post graduate levels. This study resulted from five years of living and teaching as a professor of development economics at Addis Ababa University, Gondar University and Debre Birhan University in Ethiopia as well as travel Kenya as a researcher. These experiences have helped shape and refine a book that is unique in approach, organization, and pedagogy in the context of a major set of problems, such as capitalist crisis, development problems, poverty, inequality, unemployment, environmental decay, and rural stagnation.

This book has designed to meet the requirements of the university students who studying the courses of economics, and management at graduate and post graduate levels, and preparation of the civil services etc. For groups, essential principles and concepts of the development that are particularly relevant for understanding development problems are highlighted throughout the book. This study was based on the survey reports under the project entitled: "Evaluation of Rural Technology" conducted by NISTADS from 1996-98. During this survey I visited 19 districts of Bihar include Patna, Mokama, Barh, Bakhtiyarpur, Barauni, Khagaria, Purnia Katihar, Bhagalpur and Chapra. I visited Kenya (2000), Six years of living and teaching experiences of development economics at Addis Ababa University (2005-07); Gondar University (2007-10);Debre Birhan University (2010-11) in Ethiopia, and UUM, Malaysia (2011-12), have helped shape and refine a book that is unique in approach, organization, and pedagogy in the context of a major set of problems of Development.

This study resulted from five years of living and teaching as a professor of development economics at Addis Ababa University, Gondar University and Debre Birhan University in Ethiopia as well as travel Kenya. These experiences have helped shape and refine a book that is unique in approach, organization, and pedagogy in the context of a major set of problems, such as capitalist crisis, development problems, poverty, inequality, unemployment, environmental decay, and rural stagnation.It proceeds to evaluate the economic growth in historical context, and focusing on major economic and international trade trends.

The standard development and growth theory and practice in the post-Second World War era gravely misled about the key determinants of economic development. The postwar models focused mainly on the patterns of savings and investment by a representative household and firm. According to such models, the biggest development challenge was raising the rate of capital accumulation. The socialist economies-including the Soviet Union, China and, in case of even India, they took the emphasis on capital accumulation to the extreme, by employing various forms of compulsion, including extreme suppression of peasant incomes, to raise national saving rates in order to speed industrialization, urbanization and development. The savings-led model of development proved to be inadequate both in theory and in practice. China and India are the largest economies today, which have fully integrated into global markets but there are fundamentally different conditions in the two places such as differences in the extent of urbanization, industrialization, and rural development, even differences in solving poverty and unemployment problems.

This book focus on two themes: China's experience of economic growth and poverty reduction, including the contribution of international assistance, and its relevance for other developing countries, particularly in Africa. China's economic co- operation with Africa and the lessons that China can share with each other to increase the collective impact of foreign aid on transforming agriculture and reducing poverty in Africa. This study reviews the contribution of agriculture and rural development to the people by examining the experience of some developing countries as documented in case studies. The countries fell into three distinct regional groupings based on various international and national statistics such as the UN based FAO, and the World Bank's reports on the conditions of agriculture and rural development, land and labor productivities in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Poor countries have been affected by the crisis in various ways and more than previously thought. This study, based on research by developing country researchers, sheds some light on what is really happening at the country level, and goes beyond vulnerability studies or global forecasts. Why does affluence coexist with dire poverty not only across different continents but also within the same country or even the same city? Can traditional, low- productivity, subsistence societies be transformed into modern, high productivity, high-income nations? To what extent are the development aspirations of poor nations helped or hindered by the economic activities of rich nations? The series of the current global economic and financial crises especially in the USA and the European Stock Exchange Markets, in the international division of labour and the global distribution of economic and political power led by free markets economies; that clearly indicates the collapse of Adam Smith's ideology and the Thatcher-Reagan free-market model that dominated thinking for 30 years has been discredited. A practical solution of the current ills is possible.

This book deals with the concept of globalisation, its history, instruments and problems for the African continent. While identifying it as one of the recent developments currently changing the physiognomy of global politics, it specifically focuses on its challenges, consequences and implications for Africa particularly, in the realm of equality of membership, requisite inputs into the policy process and, the encapsulating assertiveness of the global village. In the process, it was argued and revealed that, globalisation is the final conquest of capital over the rest of the world and that its "antecedents" and "uneven thesis" are explainable within the one- arm banditry and ethos of capitalism. Furthermore, it was argued that this will continue to be so, irrespective of its aim at the transcendental homogenization of political and socio-economic theory across the globe and its purported benefits to mankind. The central thesis of our study is that the asymmetry of power and interests of the member states of the global village, as well as the lopsidedness in the rules of the game there-in, cannot benefit Africa and her people.

The approaches applied in this book are carefully designed, and it takes into consideration the existing reality of the developing nations regarding national economy, its level of development and maturity. Wherever is possible, the book furnishes students with objectives or hypothetical examples to support them. I believe that this approach will enable the students to learn the science of economics at macro level and, at the same time, take a glimpse of their country's position on the international scale.