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In many low and middle income countries, dismal failures in the
quality of public service delivery such as absenteeism among
teachers and doctors and leakages of public funds have driven the
agenda for better governance and accountability. This has raised
interest in the idea that citizens can contribute to improved
quality of service delivery by holding policy-makers and providers
of services accountable. This proposition is particularly resonant
when it comes to the human development sectors - health, education
and social protection - which involve close interactions between
providers and citizens/users of services. Governments, NGOs, and
donors alike have been experimenting with various "social
accountability" tools that aim to inform citizens and communities
about their rights, the standards of service delivery they should
expect, and actual performance; and facilitate access to formal
redress mechanisms to address service failures. The report reviews
how citizens - individually and collectively - can influence
service delivery through access to information and opportunities to
use it to hold providers - both frontline service providers and
program managers - accountable. It focuses on social accountability
measures that support the use of information to increase
transparency and service delivery and grievance redress mechanisms
to help citizens use information to improve accountability. The
report takes stock of what is known from international evidence and
from within projects supported by the World Bank to identify
knowledge gaps, key questions and areas for further work. It
synthesizes experience to date; identifies what resources are
needed to support more effective use of social accountability tools
and approaches; and formulates considerations for their use in
human development. The report concludes that the relationships
between citizens, policy-makers, program managers, and service
providers are complicated, not always direct or easily altered
through a single intervention, such as an information campaign or
scorecard exercise. The evidence base on social accountability
mechanisms in the HD sectors is under development. There is a small
but growing set of evaluations which test the impact of information
interventions on service delivery and HD outcomes. There is ample
space for future experiments to test how to make social
accountability work at the country level.
The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a severe blow to human capital.
This report presents new evidence and analysis to provide a
comprehensive diagnostic of the effects of the pandemic on human
capital outcomes and identify promising policy responses for
governments faced with the task of rebuilding human capital in the
wake of the pandemic. The report identifies the mechanisms through
which COVID-19 affected the human capital of people at different
points in the life cycle and provides estimates of the magnitude of
these losses. This analysis underlines differences in impact across
countries and groups within countries to understand how the
reported blow on human capital has been unequal, exacerbating
existing gaps and creating new ones. Grounded in the diagnostic,
the report discusses policy responses that attend to afflicted
groups in the short-term as well as the medium- to long-term agenda
to build back better human capital and make systems more resilient.
The long-term policy discussion recognizes COVID-19 as an
inflection point, using the opportunity to reimagine systems and
institutions, thinking in a completely different way about some key
issues. In conclusion, the report reflects on what we have learned
from failed policy responses as well as the innovations that proved
successful across sectors in preventing or mitigating human capital
losses associated with the COVID-19 crisis, and how these lessons
can be incorporated across sectors going forward.
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Nadine Gordimer
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R398
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