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In a previous study on technology for stabilization and
reconstructions operations, hereafter SRO(I), the authors1
evaluated current stabilization and reconstruction (S&R)
operations requirements and identified for Dr. Tom Killion, the
Army Science and Technology (S&T) Executive, areas in which
Army capabilities could be improved with advanced technologies.
Stabilization and reconstruction operations establish, retain, and
exploit security and control over areas, populations, and resources
to employ military capabilities to restore essential services and
facilitate the reestablishment of civil order and authority.2 They
involve both coercive and cooperative actions and occur before,
during, and after offensive and defensive operations.
The urge to maintain military superiority over potential
adversaries has long been a driver of technological advancement.
This interplay between defense strength and technology, so evident
in the nature of America's military power, has for decades prompted
U.S. defense planners to engage in technology forecasting. Analysis
of emerging technologies was, and is, vital to making wise defense
investments. While it is important to assess the needs and
challenges of the future, understanding past military technological
successes can be equally important to Army S&T investment and
management. By studying past technology development for weapons
systems, one can see what factors were important for success and
apply these lessons to the management of S&T1 for future
systems. This is an especially valuable exercise now, because in
recent years there has been mounting pressure to transfer much of
the execution of technical work away from the military's inhouse
S&T laboratories to the private sector. Whatever the merits of
such a move, it represents a significant change from past
practices. It would be unwise to undertake any fundamental shifts
without first understanding just what was successful about the way
the Army S&T program has done business in past years. This book
draws on a series of studies known as Project Hindsight Revisited
conducted by the authors at the National Defense University (NDU)
from 2004-2006. The Project Hindsight Revisited studies examined,
in three reports, the development of four current weapons systems
of the U.S. Army: the Abrams main battle tank,2 the Apache attack
helicopter,3 the Stinger anti-aircraft missile,4 and the Javelin
anti-tank missile. In exploring how these weapons systems were
taken from conceptual design to full scale production, the studies
brought to light crucial factors in their successful development.
This book will pursue significant implications of the studies'
findings. In exploring these findings, we hope to make a
contribution to answering a question that is of the utmost
importance to the Army leadership: how are S&T resources best
used to advance the state-of-the-art capabilities of U.S. Army
weapons systems?
The System Analysis and Studies (SAS) Panel of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) Research and Technology Organization
(RTO) created a Specialist Team (ST) in June 2010 in response to an
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) request to help
develop, refine, and implement a strategy for data collection and
management. The overarching goal of the initiative was to provide
direct assistance to NATO, ISAF, and the Government of the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) as they collectively move forward
to implement the Inteqal (transition) plan.
In the area of stabilization and reconstruction (S&R)
operations, this study examines capability gaps and science and
technology (S&T) needs and concludes that some areas require
renewed emphasis, to include: scaling Blue Force Tracking down to
the individual soldier, developing an on-the-ground biometric
identification device, and fielding hover and stare unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) assets for use at the platoon level.
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