This book provides a theoretical framework for analysing the recently intensified relations between the states in the Horn of Africa and the Gulf. Crucially these relations are examined primarily through the diplomatic and economic agency of the African states involved. Aleksi Ylönen investigates recent relations, following the Iran nuclear deal and the war in Yemen, through the Gulf states' increased involvement in Africa through economic statecraft and the economic diplomacy these African states are launching in response. Featuring case studies from Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan, and their engagement with the Gulf States - particularly Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and United Arab Emirates - this study provides an empirical analysis of these growing diplomatic connections.