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Loyalty and Liberty offers the first comprehensive account of the
politics of countersubversion in the United States prior to the
McCarthy era. Beginning with the loyalty politics of World War I,
Alex Goodall traces the course of American countersubversion as it
ebbed and flowed throughout the first half of the twentieth
century, culminating in the rise of McCarthyism and the Cold War.
This sweeping study explores how antisubversive fervor was dampened
in the 1920s in response to the excesses of World War I,
transformed by the politics of antifascism in the Depression era,
and rekindled in opposition to Roosevelt's ambitious New Deal
policies in the later 1930s and 1940s. Identifying varied interest
groups such as business tycoons, Christian denominations, and
Southern Democrats, Goodall demonstrates how countersubversive
politics was far from unified: groups often pursued clashing aims
while struggling to balance the competing pulls of loyalty to the
nation and liberty of thought, speech, and action. Meanwhile, the
federal government pursued its own course, which alternately
converged with and diverged from the paths followed by private
organizations. By the end of World War II, alliances on the left
and right had largely consolidated into the form they would keep
during the Cold War. Anticommunists on the right worked to rein in
the supposedly dictatorial ambitions of the Roosevelt
administration, while New Deal liberals divided into several camps:
the Popular Front, civil liberties activists, and embryonic Cold
Warriors who struggled with how to respond to communist espionage
in Washington and communist influence in politics more broadly.
Rigorous in its scholarship yet accessible to a wide audience,
Goodall's masterful study shows how opposition to radicalism became
a defining ideological question of American life.
In 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay wrote six world powers
calling for an Open Door in China that would guarantee equal
trading opportunities, curtail colonial annexation, and prevent
conflict in the Far East. Within a year, the region had succumbed
to renewed colonisation and war, but despite the apparent failure
of Hay's diplomacy, the ideal of the Open Door emerged as the
central component of U.S. foreign policy in the twentieth century.
Just as visions of Manifest Destiny'shaped continental expansion in
the nineteenth century, Woodrow Wilson used the Open Door to make
the case for a world safe for democracy, Franklin Roosevelt
developed it to inspire the fight against totalitarianism and
imperialism, and Cold War containment policy envisioned
international communism as the latest threat to a global system
built upon peace, openness, and exchange. In a concise yet
wide-ranging examination of its origins and development, readers
will discover how the idea of the Open Door came to define the
American Century.
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