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The Understanding Language series provides approachable, yet
authoritative, introductions to all the major topics in
linguistics. Ideal for students with little or no prior knowledge
of linguistics, each book carefully explains the basics,
emphasising understanding of the essential notions rather than
arguing for a particular theoretical position. Understanding
Language Change offers a complete introduction to historical
linguistics and language change. The book takes a step-by-step
approach, first by introducing concepts through English examples
and building on this with illustrations from other languages. Key
features of this introductory text include: up to date and recent
case studies at the end of each chapter chapter summaries and
exercises that feature a wide range of languages coverage of
application of historical linguistics in each chapter glossary of
terms This book is essential reading for any students studying
Historical Linguistics for the first time.
This book is the first (linguistic) publication which exclusively
focuses on one of the most famous and important documents in the
history of English: the Early Middle English 'Peterborough
Chronicle'. This book contains 10 original and hitherto unpublished
papers which deal with phonological, orthographic, morphosyntactic
and lexical aspects pertaining to this special manuscript.
Moreover, one section is exclusively devoted to teaching the
history of English on the basis of the Peterborough Chronicle.
The Understanding Language series provides approachable, yet
authoritative, introductions to all the major topics in
linguistics. Ideal for students with little or no prior knowledge
of linguistics, each book carefully explains the basics,
emphasising understanding of the essential notions rather than
arguing for a particular theoretical position. Understanding
Language Change offers a complete introduction to historical
linguistics and language change. The book takes a step-by-step
approach, first by introducing concepts through English examples
and building on this with illustrations from other languages. Key
features of this introductory text include: up to date and recent
case studies at the end of each chapter chapter summaries and
exercises that feature a wide range of languages coverage of
application of historical linguistics in each chapter glossary of
terms This book is essential reading for any students studying
Historical Linguistics for the first time.
This book brings together for the first time two philosophers from
different traditions and different centuries. While Wittgenstein
was a focal point of 20th century analytic philosophy, it was
Hegel's philosophy that brought the essential discourses of the
19th century together and developed into the continental tradition
in 20th century. This now-outdated conflict took for granted
Hegel's and Wittgenstein's opposing positions and is being replaced
by a continuous progression and differentiation of several authors,
schools, and philosophical traditions. The development is already
evident in the tendency to identify a progression from a 'Kantian'
to a 'Hegelian phase' of analytical philosophy as well as in the
extension of right and left Hegelian approaches by modern and
postmodern concepts. Assessing the difference between Wittgenstein
and Hegel can outline intersections of contemporary thinking.
This book brings together for the first time two philosophers from
different traditions and different centuries. While Wittgenstein
was a focal point of 20th century analytic philosophy, it was
Hegel's philosophy that brought the essential discourses of the
19th century together and developed into the continental tradition
in 20th century. This now-outdated conflict took for granted
Hegel's and Wittgenstein's opposing positions and is being replaced
by a continuous progression and differentiation of several authors,
schools, and philosophical traditions. The development is already
evident in the tendency to identify a progression from a 'Kantian'
to a 'Hegelian phase' of analytical philosophy as well as in the
extension of right and left Hegelian approaches by modern and
postmodern concepts. Assessing the difference between Wittgenstein
and Hegel can outline intersections of contemporary thinking.
The volume provides a comprehensive overview of the history of
English and explores key questions and debates. A re-evaluation of
the concept of periodization is followed by overviews of changes in
the traditional linguistic areas - phonology, morphology, syntax,
semantics - and chapters on prosody, idioms, fixed expressions,
onomastics, orthography, register, and standardization, among
others.
This volume is one of the first detailed expositions of the history
of different varieties of English. It explores language variation
and varieties of English from an historical perspective, covering
theoretical topics such as diffusion and supraregionalization as
well as concrete descriptions of the internal and external
historical developments of more than a dozen varieties of English.
This volume provides a comprehensive account of Early Modern
English, organized by linguistic level. The volume not only
presents detailed outlines of the traditional language levels, it
also explores key questions and debates, such as do-periphrasis,
the Great Vowel Shift, pronouns and relativization, literary
language (including the language of Shakespeare), and
sociolinguistics, including contact and standardization.
Studies in diachronic linguistics increasingly acknowledge that
linguistic change is highly context-dependent and somehow tied to
constructions as linguistic units. This is the first volume to
investigate the role of constructions and the potential of
constructional approaches in linguistic change. The contributions
in this volume comprise both theoretical and empirical studies, all
of which are accessible for a general audience. While some
contributions explicitly aim at comparing and unifying concepts
from both traditional grammatical theories and recent construction
grammar approaches, others offer detailed case studies of exemplary
problems from a constructional point of view. The papers offer a
cross-linguistic perspective and deal with a number of different
language families, ranging from Germanic to Austronesian.
The author analyzes, from a historical sociolinguistic point of
view, selected domains of morphosyntactic variation in a 250,000
word collection of the Middle English Paston Letters (1421-1503).
In three case studies, two nominal and one verbal variable are
described and discussed in detail: the replacement of Old English
pronouns by borrowed pronouns, the introduction and spread of
>wh-relativizers, and the spread and routinization of light verb
constructions (take, make, give, have, do plus deverbal noun).
While the author aims at a balanced integration of different
approaches in sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, typology,
and language change, the main focus is on social network theory and
the role of the linguistic individual in the formation and change
of linguistic structures.
This volume collects ten studies that propose modern methodologies
of analyzing and explaining language change in the case of various
morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic characteristics. The
studies were first presented in the fourth, fifth and sixth
workshops at the “Language Variation and Change in Ancient and
Medieval Europe” summer schools, organized on the island of
Naxos, Cyclades, Greece and online between 2019 and 2021. The book
is divided into two parts that both focus on modern tools and
methodologies of analyzing and accounting for language change. The
first part focuses on common directions of change in Indo-European
languages and beyond, and the second part emphasizes explanations
that reveal the role of language contact. The volume promotes a
dialogue between approaches to language change having their
starting point in structural and typological aspects of the history
of languages on the one hand, and approaches concentrating on
external factors on the other. Through this dialogue, the volume
enriches knowledge on the contrast or complementarity of
internally- and externally-motivated causes of language change.
Security assistance has become the largest component of
international peacebuilding and stabilization efforts, and a
primary tool for responding to civil war and insurgency. Donors and
peacekeepers not only train and equip military and police forces,
they also seek to overhaul their structure, management, and
oversight. Yet, we know little about why these efforts succeed or
fail. Efforts to restructure security forces in Iraq, Libya, South
Sudan, Timor-Leste, and the Democratic Republic of Congo ended
amidst factional fighting. Similar efforts in Liberia, Sierra
Leone, El Salvador, Mozambique, and Bosnia and Herzegovina helped
to transform security forces and underpin peace. What accounts for
the mixed outcomes of efforts to restructure security forces after
civil war? What is the role of external involvement on these
outcomes? In Governing Security After War, Louis-Alexandre Berg
examines the political dimensions of security governance through
systematic, cross-country comparison. Berg argues that the extent
to which state policymakers adopt changes to the management and
oversight of security forces depends on internal political
dynamics, specifically the degree to which leaders need to
consolidate power. The different political strategies leaders
pursue, in turn, affect opportunities for external actors to
influence institutional changes through means such as conditions on
aid, norm diffusion, or day-to-day participation in
decision-making. Drawing on an original dataset of security
governance and field research in Liberia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
and Timor-Leste, as well as mini-case studies of Iraq, Afghanistan,
South Sudan, and Somalia, Berg draws out novel implications that
help explain the recurrence of civil war and the impact of foreign
aid on peacebuilding. Moreover, Berg provides practical
recommendations for navigating the political challenges of
institutional change in conflict-affected countries. Ultimately,
Governing Security After War seeks to explain the success and
failure of international assistance in war-torn countries and sheds
light on the politics of peacebuilding.
Der momentan geringe Erkenntnisstand des Verhaltens von Cu2] in
ionischen Flussigkeiten und die veranderbaren Eigenschaften der
ionischen Flussigkeiten rechtfertigen die Bemuhungen zu dieser
Arbeit. Es wurden Kupfersalze in Ils gelost und mit Hilfe der
Elektronenspinresonanzspektroskopie wurde die Wechselwirkung
zwischen Cu2+ und den Ils untersucht. Aus Vergleichsgrunden wurden
auch einige Mangan(II)salze untersucht. Die Messungen wurden bei 77
K und T = 293 K durchgefuhrt. Die Tief - Temperatur - Messungen
ergaben teilweise gut aufgeloste Spektren, welche exemplarisch
simuliert wurden.
Bachelorarbeit aus dem Jahr 2013 im Fachbereich Chemie - Sonstiges,
Note: 1,0, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Chemie), Sprache:
Deutsch, Abstract: Bei Betrachtung eines idealisierten
Kochsalzkristalls ist festzustellen, dass die kubische Anordnung
wesentlich auf die Grosse der Na] - Ionen und Cl- - Ionen
zuruckgeht. Daraus resultiert ein starres Kristallgitter aus
sechsfach koordinierten Chlorid-, und Natrium - Ionen. Aufgrund
dieser Salzstrukturen und der Anordnung der Ionen haben
beispielsweise Kochsalz, Kaliumphosphat, und Magnesiumoxid
Schmelzpunkte von 801 C uber 1340 C bis 2400 C. Im Gegensatz zu
diesen Salzen besitzt das Ethylammoniumnitrat einen Schmelzpunkt
von ca. 12 C. Wird die Struktur des Ethylammoniumnitrats (Abbildung
1 "in Downloaddatei enthalten") betrachtet, fallt auf, dass das
Kation (C2H5NH4+) grosser als das Anion (NO3-) ist. Dieser
sterische Sachverhalt tragt wesentlich dazu bei, dass das Salz bei
Raumtemperatur flussig ist. Paul Walden, bekannt durch die
Walden'sche Umkehrung, synthetisierte am Anfang des 20.Jahrhunderts
erstmalig Ethylammoniumnitrat und somit die erste bekannte ionische
Flussigkeit (Il). ..
This book offers a concise introduction to synchronic English
linguistics. Following an introduction to language and linguistics
as such, it provides detailed descriptions of the different
language levels: phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, and
meaning in language (comprising semantics and pragmatics).
Furthermore, one chapter deals with constructional approaches to
English grammar. The final chapter serves as an outlook on the
application of linguistic theory in various domains of language
use, including historical linguistics, dialectology,
sociolinguistics, language acquisition and forensic linguistics.
Every chapter contains specific exercises that help to rehearse the
key concepts introduced in this book.
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