Designing and constructing load-bearing building elements Wall, support, ceiling, and roof make up the skeleton of nearly every building. This fourth volume in the series SCALE, Support and Materialize, takes an in-depth look at these load-bearing structures, covering the development and realization of appropriate constructions from idea and design intention all the way to constructional implementation. Following the traditional building methods of massive, cross-wall, and skeleton construction, it points the way toward a material-appropriate constructional approach to these defining structural elements wall, support, ceiling, and roof. Special attention is given to how constructional and technical considerations can be harmonized with spatial and formal commitments. The load-bearing elements are organized, described, and explored in detail from a material as well as a formal and constructional perspective. Their practical implementation is illustrated by a series of international examples.

Designing and constructing openings The first volume of the SCALE series - Open | Close - examines a simple but effective building element, the Opening, illuminating the path from idea to realization in its various facets. The concept of Open | Close includes not only elements such as windows, doors, gates, loggias and skylights, which communicate between exterior and interior space, but also the structure of the building itself. Because Openings define and determine the relationship of the building to public space, they also determine the character of the site. The analysis of conception, form and construction of opening elements is supplemented and illustrated by international examples of best applications. The SCALE series provides practical tools for architects and students of architecture. Each volume analyses the construction process from the first design idea to the call for bids, covering the fundamental design principles and concrete details. The series title, SCALE, signifies that the perfect detail is the result of a process through various levels of conception and design, from the abstract to the particular. Although the focus is on communicating hands-on constructional know-how, SCALE's innovative presentation does not just simply show solutions, but demonstrates how to develop them. Each volume presents essential information for design and implementation, from the first sketches to details of connectors in a scale of 1:10. Consistency in the plans and drawings, clear hierarchies in the headings and structure, and a clear, easily readable layout with helpful captions simplify the search for specific information, and make SCALE volumes ideal for quick, targeted consultation. SCALE is conceived as a series of practical textbooks which can be used independently of each other, but also supplement and build on each other to constitute a reference work on construction design.

What is the process of forming rooms, which elements are used and how are room-shaping components defined? The fourth volume in the SCALE series, Furnishing | Zoning, deals with the relationships between building typology and building structure, and between spatial composition and interior design. The relationship between the briefing and the catalogue of requirements, and between shell construction and fit-out, is elucidated. Connections at walls, ceilings and floors are explained in detail and illustrated with case studies of selected projects. In addition, the authors demonstrate how a well-designed sequence of spaces can create added value by means, for example, of the choice of materials and the lighting scheme, or adaptability to accommodate new functions. Following the introductory chapter on the subject of space, the volume is divided into chapters on floors, walls, ceilings, and furniture and fixtures. Furnishing | Zoning examines the subject from different professional angles and thereby provides valuable support for practical interior design.

Today, careful energy planning and design has become an integral component of every building task. The second volume of the SCALE series, Heat | Cool, picks up at precisely this point, providing strategies for an energetically sensible and suitable approach to building conditioning as well as its design and constructional integration. In addition to building and facilities services, it places special emphasis on construction and design measures. How much the building itself can achieve in the context of the given climatic, topographical, and town-planning framework conditions and to what extent additional installations are required for conditioning, which construction measures are appropriate for which types of tasks within a sustainable and integrated planning approach - all of these topics are discussed on the basis of project examples. The book highlights both the currently available heating, ventilation, and cooling systems as well as the supporting aspects of material properties and the building lifecycle, thus enabling the reader to make a balanced and well-informed selection. Heat | Cool provides a foundation for efficient and optimal building conditioning and its integration into construction and design.

The building shell is the interface with the outside world: it offers protection and at the same time represents its owners or occupants. But what are the criteria for choosing a specific shell? Why is a particular material used on a particular undercoat? The second volume of the SCALE series, Enclose - Build, is not about the curtain, the dressing of the facade that surrounds a building, but rather on a causal level about the exterior termination of a building, the wall, the facade, which can be made of various materials, surfaces and achieves different design effects. The book shows the conditions under which certain constructions can be employed and why; what criteria such as construction costs, issues of sustainability, of energy efficiency, of assembly or of insulation or protection against moisture can also influence the choice of a system. In addition to classical constructions, Enclose - Build offers a look at future developments. How will the facade evolve as an interface for information? What do viable concepts for environmentally active, energy-efficient building shells look like? This book is an indispensable tool for every architect and planner.