This volume offers several empirical, methodological, and theoretical approaches to the study of observable variation within individuals on various linguistic levels. With a focus on German varieties, the chapters provide answers on the following questions (inter alia): Which linguistic and extra-linguistic factors explain intra-individual variation? Is there observable intra-individual variation that cannot be explained by linguistic and extra-linguistic factors? Can group-level results be generalised to individual language usage and vice versa? Is intra-individual variation indicative of actual patterns of language change? How can intra-individual variation be examined in historical data? Consequently, the various theoretical, methodological and empirical approaches in this volume offer a better understanding of the meaning of intra-individual variation for patterns of language development, language variation and change. The inter- and transdisciplinary nature of the volume is an exciting new frontier, and the results of the studies in this book provide a wealth of new findings as well as challenges to some of the existing findings and assumptions regarding the nature of intra-individual variation.

Countess Sophia Andreyevna Tolstoya (nee Behrs) (1844-1919) was the wife of Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy. The mother of 13 children, eight of whom survived to adulthood, Countess Tolstoya also acted as copyist to her husband. The Diary documents family events, as well as her husband's literary life.

One of the basic grammatical categories in linguistics is the phonological word. But how are words made up in terms of their sounds? And how is the information on the sound structure of words used in the processing of words? The multidimensionality of the phonological word relates it to semantics, morphology, phonology and syntax. It is nevertheless a category that has only been an object of serious study since the prosodic turn in phonology and thus cannot be considered an established category of grammatical description. This volume brings together scholars interested in the complex relations of the phonological word, applying different empirical approaches.

The Siege of Leningrad is the most powerful testimony to the immeasurable cruelty and horror of World War II. From 1941-1945, the Eastern Front was the site of some of the bloodiest atrocities of the war and the city of Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, proved to be a decisive point in the conflict. German policy was resolutely determined to redraw the map of Europe, annihilate the Soviet Union and give large areas of territory to Finland. Through Hitler's ambition to completely eradicate the city and its entire population, it was decided that the most efficient method of invasion was to encircle and bombard the city into submission. After 872 days of aggression, one and a half million people lost their lives, mostly from starvation. As the sole British correspondent to have been in Leningrad during the blockade, Alexander Werth's eyewitness account presents a harrowing perspective on the savagery and destruction wrought by the Nazis against the civilian population of the city. His writing evokes compelling images of terror - the oil bombing of children's hospitals, mass starvation and cannibalism - with rich and sophisticated commentary on the internal politics of Soviet party chiefs, soldiers and civilian resistance fighters. Both an authoritative historical document and a journalistic re-telling of the overwhelming sadness, grief and futility of 20th century warfare, this is an invaluable look at one of the greatest losses of human life in recorded history.

FRANCE AND MUNICH BKFORK AND AKTKR Till, SURRKNDKR by ALEXANDER WlRTH It was the opinion of Marclan that war should be avoided as ton UH it is K ssihU to preserve it . secure uml honotirnblw pence but it was HUuxvise his opinion that ponce cannot be honourable or secure, if the Jioveroitfn betrays a pusIHaninunis avt, rsion It vur. Thi. s tintiptnatc cotiniK Uetate. l his reply to the cletuunds of Attiia t who insolently pressed the payment t f the annual tribute. ttrttf Mifl of f te Ktimatt ttwpire, . hap. xxxv. HAKPKR AND BROTH KRS PUBLISHI. US NI. W YORK AND LONDON Printed in Gutrtutyt C.., Mritisk by The 6Yw and GmxM Ltd. To NANCY ALEXANDRA PREFACE T oiiRNAuTs books are best-sellers nowadays and in many J cases deservedly so. But this will not be a bestseller, I nave not attempted to give a brilliant and lively account of my experiences and sensations at the sight and sound of crumbling bastions. The book is mainly concerned with some of the chief causes of these catastrophes, rather than with the catastrophes themselves Except for a trip to Spain, I Hhave lived in Paris almost without moving an ordinary staff correspondent, with his regular telephone call to London at eight oclock every night, Saturdays cxceptcd f Allo 9 alia wtw abonntnwnt de Londresl Could anything be less adventurous than the word abannementt And few capitals in Europe have, in the last two years, provided less colour stuff to the papers than Paris. The task I set myself was a more modest and less exciting one. Having watched France, day after day, for over ten years, I felt that I must try to understand the rather long and at times almost imperceptible process by which France came to accept Munich so contraryto all that she had stood for since the War and also the process by which she consciously con tributed to the downfall of the Spanish Republic What was this double political and psychological process In this book I have tried to answer this question M Philippe lamour once answered it with the simple phrase triomphe dt la facility There is some truth in it but it is not the whole truth. The question, as will be seen, is rather more com plicated, I am not apologising for being sometimes a little long windeda charge that may perhaps be brought against me. The Munich crisisboth before and after Septemberis such an outstanding landmark in the life of France that every little human detail every little newspaper cutting throwing some light on the workings of French minds during those days is of some interest. PREFACE What is happening in France though a country km dynamic than many others, and so less exciting on the face of it is of infinite importance to England, to the world and to our western civilisation, Including the very fact that she i not dynamic 1 in the totalitarian sense This is not a polemical book and I do not call anybody names. In so far as the facts are known and especially in the history of the Czech crisis there are still a few gaps and a few obscuritiesthis book is mainly an examination of French foreign policy during the past eighteen month, and of the currents of French opinion in relation to the tragic events of 1938 and the early part of 1959 If, in spite of the modest limits of my task, and in spite oC my desire to be objective perhaps an absurd ambition nowadays, I have at times spoken with some bitterness, it was because the period covered in this book will probablylong be remembered as a time when the radiance of France had grown dim n seldom before. And to anyone who loves France and all that she represents to the world, it was often painful to watch. But the revival of France, with all her immense spiritual forces, is in progress once again...

Sunday Times war-correspondent Werth spent four years in the Soviet Union during WW2. He traveled widely, interviewed Russian officers and enlisted men, civilians and German prisoners. His diary entries and description of why and how the Russians managed to turn back the Nazi invasion make this a fascinating book to read.

The Siege of Leningrad is the most powerful testimony to the immeasurable cruelty and horror of World War II. From 1941-1945, the Eastern Front was the site of some of the bloodiest atrocities of the war and the city of Leningrad, now St. Petersburg, proved to be a decisive point in the conflict. German policy was resolutely determined to redraw the map of Europe, annihilate the Soviet Union and give large areas of territory to Finland. Through Hitler's ambition to completely eradicate the city and its entire population, it was decided that the most efficient method of invasion was to encircle and bombard the city into submission. After 872 days of aggression, one and a half million people lost their lives, mostly from starvation. As the sole British correspondent to have been in Leningrad during the blockade, Alexander Werth's eyewitness account presents a harrowing perspective on the savagery and destruction wrought by the Nazis against the civilian population of the city. His writing evokes compelling images of terror - the oil bombing of children's hospitals, mass starvation and cannibalism - with rich and sophisticated commentary on the internal politics of Soviet party chiefs, soldiers and civilian resistance fighters. Both an authoritative historical document and a journalistic re-telling of the overwhelming sadness, grief and futility of 20th century warfare, this is an invaluable look at one of the greatest losses of human life in recorded history.

This is a new release of the original 1929 edition.

This is a new release of the original 1929 edition.

This is a new release of the original 1962 edition.

Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

WHICH WAY FRANCE To DARSIE GILLIE AND THOMAS CADETT ACKNOWLEDGMENT A large number of passages in this book have been taken from the Authors dispatches and articles in the Manchester Guardian. He is greatly indebted to the Editor for his kind permission to reprint them here. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT - 7 PREFACE - ...... 15 I NON-STOP 1919-32 21 Armistice Day. Clemenceau. Germany Shall Pay. Millerand. Bolshevik Menace. Poincarl and the Ruhr. Left Election Victory of 1924. Financial Crisis of 1924-26. Herriot. Failure of Geneva Protocol. Locarno the next best thing. Poincare saves the franc. Briands peace policy. Three years of prosperity. End of Poincare . Tardieu and Laval. Decline of Briand. A great Franco-German Riddle. Briands death. Tardieu preaching bonne kumeur. II THE ABORTIVE FRONT POPULAIRE OF 1932 - 39 The Left Election Victory of 1 93 2. The Cahiers Huyghens. Conservative Radicals and uncompromising Socialists. The Herriot Cabinet. Lausanne. American War Debts. 1933 Illusion of French Stability. Fall of Daladier Gov ernment. End of 1933 the Great Crisis of Parliamentary Government. III THE SIXTH OF FEBRUARY AND AFTER 47 The Stavisky Bombshell. Anti-Parliamentary Press Cam paign. Chautemps braves the storm. Royalist riots. Fall of Chautemps Government. Daladier Government. Chiappe. 6th of February. A Fascist plot Support of public opinion. Daladier s resignation. February 7 A night of anarchy. The working class reacts. Com munist riot of February 9. Socialist-Communist relations. The General Strike of February 12. Doumergue. IV PARLIAMENT BULLIED BY THE STREET - THE CRODC DE FEU - -----64 The Doumergue Cabinet. Chantage de la Rue The Prince Affair. Colonel de laRocque. The success of the Croix de Feu. Their mystique. Their strange rela tions with Doumergue. V THE DOUMERGUE-TARDIEU PLOT AGAINST THE REPUBLIC 75 Doumergue s - wireless antics. His attacks on the Social ists and Communists. Devaluation scare. His Consti tutional proposal. The Premiers prerogatives. M. 9 1 CONTENTS CO71 1171UCU, CHAPTER PAGE Doumergue has revised the British Constitution. The effect of the Marseilles assassinations. Reshuffle of the Cabinet. Laval becomes Foreign Minister. Blums slashing attack on Doumergue s reforms. Analogy with MacMahon. The Radical Congress. Herriots pledge. Intimidation of Parliament. Doumergues Bluff called. Resignation of his Cabinet. A final threat. Armistice Day 1934. Doumergue proclaimed Fascist leader. Back to Tournefeuille. A first victory over Fascism. VI ENTER LAVAL 93 Back to more normal parliamentary Government. The Flandin Cabinet. M. Flandin. His economic theories. Laval. His policy compared with Barthous. First meeting with Laval. Personal peculiarities. His career. League and Saar. The International Force. Flirting with -Ribbentrop. VII THE SAAR INTERLUDE - - - - - 106 VIII BUILDING ON SAND - - - - - 123 Laval a dustbin of conflicting desires. His triumphant journey to Rome. How he was bamboozled by Mussolini. Free hand in Abyssinia The Anglo-French London Communique. The French Army. Lean recruiting years. France doubles term of military service. Blums attack. A bos les deux ans. Hitlers reply Conscription in Germany. Simon in Berlin. A comic conference. EXTRACTS FROM A STREGA DIARY. Result of Stresa. Laval signs Franco-Soviet Pact. IX CHAMBER VERSUS BANK OF FRANCE THE DOUBLE CABINET CRISIS OF MAY-JUNE 1935 142 Conflict betweenFlandin and Bank of France. Financial panic. Flandin s surrender. Advocates of devaluation. Reynaud, Mickey Mouse of the Chamber. The comic one day cabinet of M. Fernand Bouisson. What sort of per son he was. Two bald heads. Caillauxs grand entry. And quick exit. The Caillaux legend. Fall of Bouisson Government. Bank of France continues resistance. Laval forms new cabinet. Deflation. Government servants riots. X THE RISE OF THE FRONT POPULAIRE - - 153 After February 6. United Front of August 1934. Socialist and Communist manoeuvring. The Symbolic Election of M...

Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

Life under Communism comes alive in the Russian-born British newspaperman's diary written in the Soviet Union during the fateful months when the Nazi army neared the gates of Moscow.