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Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this
expanded and updated new edition of the bestselling Handbook,
containing many new articles, is aimed at the design and operation
of modern particle accelerators. It is intended as a vade mecum for
professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects.
With a collection of more than 2000 equations, 300 illustrations
and 500 graphs and tables, here one will find, in addition to
common formulae of previous compilations, hard to find, specialized
formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime
experience of many of the world's most able practioners of the art
and science of accelerators.The seven chapters include both
theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary
of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic
and nuclear interactions deal with linear and nonlinear single
particle and collective effects including spin motion,
beam-environment, beam-beam, beam-electron, beam-ion and intrabeam
interactions. The impedance concept and related calculations are
dealt with at length as are the instabilities with the various
interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations
including discussions on the assessment and correction of orbit and
optics errors, realtime feedbacks, generation of short photon
pulses, bunch compression, tuning of normal and superconducting
linacs, energy recovery linacs, free electron lasers, cryogenic
vacuum systems, steady state microbuching , cooling, space-charge
compensation, brightness of light sources, collider luminosity
optimization and collision schemes, machine learning, multiple
frequency rf systems, fel seeding. Chapters on mechanical and
electrical considerations present material data and important
aspects of component design including heat transfer and
refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback
systems, confinement, including undulators, and acceleration (both
normal and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a
sub-systems chapter, beam measurement and apparatus being treated
therein as well.A detailed name and subject index is provided
together with reliable references to the literature where the most
detailed information available on all subjects treated can be
found.
Edited by internationally recognized authorities in the field, this
expanded and updated new edition of the bestselling Handbook,
containing many new articles, is aimed at the design and operation
of modern particle accelerators. It is intended as a vade mecum for
professional engineers and physicists engaged in these subjects.
With a collection of more than 2000 equations, 300 illustrations
and 500 graphs and tables, here one will find, in addition to
common formulae of previous compilations, hard to find, specialized
formulae, recipes and material data pooled from the lifetime
experience of many of the world's most able practioners of the art
and science of accelerators.The seven chapters include both
theoretical and practical matters as well as an extensive glossary
of accelerator types. Chapters on beam dynamics and electromagnetic
and nuclear interactions deal with linear and nonlinear single
particle and collective effects including spin motion,
beam-environment, beam-beam, beam-electron, beam-ion and intrabeam
interactions. The impedance concept and related calculations are
dealt with at length as are the instabilities with the various
interactions mentioned. A chapter on operational considerations
including discussions on the assessment and correction of orbit and
optics errors, realtime feedbacks, generation of short photon
pulses, bunch compression, tuning of normal and superconducting
linacs, energy recovery linacs, free electron lasers, cryogenic
vacuum systems, steady state microbuching , cooling, space-charge
compensation, brightness of light sources, collider luminosity
optimization and collision schemes, machine learning, multiple
frequency rf systems, fel seeding. Chapters on mechanical and
electrical considerations present material data and important
aspects of component design including heat transfer and
refrigeration. Hardware systems for particle sources, feedback
systems, confinement, including undulators, and acceleration (both
normal and superconducting) receive detailed treatment in a
sub-systems chapter, beam measurement and apparatus being treated
therein as well.A detailed name and subject index is provided
together with reliable references to the literature where the most
detailed information available on all subjects treated can be
found.
Accelerators as research and industrial tools are increasingly
becoming a key driver of the advances of a modern society. As
accelerators and its science evolved to meet the ever-increasing
needs of society, the field of accelerator physics has evolved and
deepened over the past few decades, and many of its branches
developed into special topics of research by their own rights. It
is appropriate at this time to start accumulating this hard-earned
expertise by the accelerator physics community. With this view, a
selection of these special topics is presented in this volume,
Special Topics in Accelerator Physics. Although not exhaustive,
they are chosen to present accelerator physics as a diversified and
exciting field and written based on the practicing and teaching
experiences of the author accumulated over the past decades. The
book is presented as an advanced textbook. The material on each
topic has been intended to be self-contained. The reader is assumed
to have a basic knowledge of accelerator physics to put the
material in some context.
This book is written for students who ever wondered about the
mysterious and fascinating world of particle accelerators. What
exciting physics and technologies lie within? What clever and
ingenious ideas were applied in their seven decades of evolution?
What promises still lay ahead in the future?Accelerators have been
driving research and industrial advances for decades. This textbook
illustrates the physical principles behind these incredible
machines, often with intuitive pictures and simple mathematical
models. Pure formalisms are avoided as much as possible. It is
hoped that the readers would enjoy the fascinating physics behind
these state-of-the-art devices.The style is informal and aimed for
a graduate level without prerequisite of prior knowledge in
accelerators. To serve as a textbook, references are listed only on
the more established original literature and review articles
instead of the constantly changing research frontiers.
This book is written for students who ever wondered about the
mysterious and fascinating world of particle accelerators. What
exciting physics and technologies lie within? What clever and
ingenious ideas were applied in their seven decades of evolution?
What promises still lay ahead in the future?Accelerators have been
driving research and industrial advances for decades. This textbook
illustrates the physical principles behind these incredible
machines, often with intuitive pictures and simple mathematical
models. Pure formalisms are avoided as much as possible. It is
hoped that the readers would enjoy the fascinating physics behind
these state-of-the-art devices.The style is informal and aimed for
a graduate level without prerequisite of prior knowledge in
accelerators. To serve as a textbook, references are listed only on
the more established original literature and review articles
instead of the constantly changing research frontiers.
Volume 10 in the series of the annual journal Reviews of
Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST), will be its final
volume. Its theme is 'The Future of Accelerators'. This volume,
together with previous 9 volumes, gives readers a complete picture
as well as detailed technical information about the accelerator
field, and its many driving and fascinating aspects.This volume has
17 articles. The first 15 articles have a different approach from
the previous volumes. They emphasize the more personal views,
perspectives and advice from the frontier researchers rather than
provide a review or survey of a specific subfield. This emphasis is
more aligned with the theme of the current volume. The other two
articles are dedicated respectively to Leon Lederman and Burton
Richter, two prominent leaders of our community who left us last
year.
Since its invention in the 1920s, particle accelerators have made
tremendous progress in accelerator science, technology and
applications. However, the fundamental acceleration principle,
namely, to apply an external radiofrequency (RF) electric field to
accelerate charged particles, remains unchanged. As this method
(either room temperature RF or superconducting RF) is approaching
its intrinsic limitation in acceleration gradient (measured in
MeV/m), it becomes apparent that new methods with much higher
acceleration gradient (measured in GeV/m) must be found for future
very high energy accelerators as well as future compact (table-top
or room-size) accelerators. This volume introduces a number of
advanced accelerator concepts (AAC) - their principles,
technologies and potential applications. For the time being, none
of them stands out as a definitive direction in which to go. But
these novel ideas are in hot pursuit and look promising.
Furthermore, some AAC requires a high power laser system. This has
the implication of bringing two different communities - accelerator
and laser - to join forces and work together. It will have profound
impact on the future of our field.Also included are two special
articles, one on 'Particle Accelerators in China' which gives a
comprehensive overview of the rapidly growing accelerator community
in China. The other features the person-of-the-issue who was
well-known nuclear physicist Jerome Lewis Duggan, a pioneer and
founder of a huge community of industrial and medical accelerators
in the US.
As accelerator science and technology progressed over the past
several decades, the accelerators themselves have undergone major
improvements in multiple performance factors: beam energy, beam
power, and beam brightness. As a consequence, accelerators have
found applications in a wide range of fields in our life and in our
society. The current volume is dedicated to applications in energy
and security, two of the most important and urgent topics in
today's world.This volume makes an effort to provide a review as
complete and up to date as possible of this broad and challenging
subject. It contains overviews on each of the two topics and a
series of articles for in-depth discussions including heavy ion
accelerator driven inertial fusion, linear accelerator-based ADS
systems, circular accelerator-based ADS systems,
accelerator-reactor interface, accelerators for fusion material
testing, cargo inspection, proton radiography, compact neutron
generators and detectors. It also has a review article on
accelerator science and technology in Canada with a focus on the
TRIUMF laboratory, and an article on the life of Bruno Touschek, a
renowned accelerator physicist.
The idea of colliding two particle beams to fully exploit the
energy of accelerated particles was first proposed by Rolf
Wideroee, who in 1943 applied for a patent on the collider concept
and was awarded the patent in 1953. The first three colliders - AdA
in Italy, CBX in the US, and VEP-1 in the then Soviet Union - came
to operation about 50 years ago in the mid-1960s. A number of other
colliders followed.Over the past decades, colliders defined the
energy frontier in particle physics. Different types of colliers -
proton-proton, proton-antiproton, electron-positron,
electron-proton, electron-ion and ion-ion colliders - have played
complementary roles in fully mapping out the constituents and
forces in the Standard Model (SM). We are now at a point where all
predicted SM constituents of matter and forces have been found, and
all the latest ones were found at colliders. Colliders also play a
critical role in advancing beam physics, accelerator research and
technology development. It is timely that RAST Volume 7 is
dedicated to Colliders.
As particle accelerators strive forever increasing performance,
high intensity particle beams become one of the critical demands
requested across the board by a majority of accelerator users
(proton, electron and ion) and for most applications. Much effort
has been made by our community to pursue high intensity accelerator
performance on a number of fronts. Recognizing its importance, we
devote this volume to Accelerators for High Intensity Beams. High
intensity accelerators have become a frontier and a network for
innovation. They are responsible for many scientific discoveries
and technological breakthroughs that have changed our way of life,
often taken for granted. A wide range of topics is covered in the
fourteen articles in this volume.
Over the past several decades major advances in accelerators have
resulted from breakthroughs in accelerator science and accelerator
technology. After the introduction of a new accelerator physics
concept or the implementation of a new technology, a leap in
accelerator performance followed. A well-known representation of
these advances is the Livingston chart, which shows an exponential
growth of accelerator performance over the last seven or eight
decades. One of the breakthrough accelerator technologies that
support this exponential growth is superconducting technology.
Recognizing this major technological advance, we dedicate Volume 5
of Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST) to
superconducting technology and its applications.Two major
applications are superconducting magnets (SC magnets) and
superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. SC magnets provide
much higher magnetic field than their room-temperature
counterparts, thus allowing accelerators to reach higher energies
with comparable size as well as much reduced power consumption. SRF
technology allows field energy storage for continuous wave
applications and energy recovery, in addition to the advantage of
tremendous power savings and better particle beam quality. In this
volume, we describe both technologies and their applications. We
also include discussion of the associated R&D in
superconducting materials and the future prospects for these
technologies.
Since their debut in the late 1920s, particle accelerators have
evolved into a backbone for the development of science and
technology in modern society. Of about 30,000 accelerators at work
in the world today, a majority is for applications in industry
(about 20,000 systems worldwide). There are two major categories of
industrial applications: materials processing and treatment, and
materials analysis. Materials processing and treatment includes ion
implantation (semi-conductor materials, metals, ceramics, etc.) and
electron beam irradiation (sterilization of medical devices, food
pasteurization, treatment of carcasses and tires, cross-linking of
polymers, cutting and welding, curing of composites, etc.).
Materials analysis covers ion beam analysis (IBA), non-destructive
detection using photons and neutrons, as well as accelerator mass
spectrometry (AMS). All the products that are processed, treated
and inspected using beams from particle accelerators are estimated
to have a collective value of US$500 billion per annum worldwide.
Accelerators are also applied for environment protection, such as
purifying drinking water, treating waste water, disinfecting sewage
sludge and removing pollutants from flue gases. Industrial
accelerators continue to evolve, in terms of new applications,
qualities and capabilities, and reduction of their costs.
Breakthroughs are encountered whenever a new product is made, or an
existing product becomes more cost effective. Their impact on our
society continues to grow with the potential to address key issues
in economics or the society of today. This volume contains fourteen
articles, all authored by renowned scientists in their respective
fields.
Over the last half century we have witnessed tremendous progress in
the production of high-quality photons by electrons in
accelerators. This dramatic evolution has seen four generations of
accelerators as photon sources. The 1st generation used the
electron storage rings built primarily for high-energy physics
experiments, and the synchrotron radiation from the bending magnets
was used parasitically. The 2nd generation involved rings dedicated
to synchrotron radiation applications, with the radiation again
from the bending magnets. The 3rd generation, currently the
workhorse of these photon sources, is dedicated advanced storage
rings that employ not only bending magnets but also insertion
devices (wigglers and undulators) as the source of the radiation.
The 4th generation, which is now entering operation, is photon
sources based on the free electron laser (FEL), an invention made
in the early 1970s.Each generation yielded growths in brightness
and time resolution that were unimaginable just a few years
earlier. In particular, the progression from the 3rd to 4th
generation is a true revolution; the peak brilliance of coherent
soft and hard x-rays has increased by 7-10 orders of magnitude, and
the image resolution has reached the angstrom (1 A = 10-10 meters)
and femto-second (1 fs = 10-15 second) scales. These impressive
capabilities have fostered fundamental scientific advances and led
to an explosion of numerous possibilities in many important
research areas including material science, chemistry, molecular
biology and the life sciences. Even more remarkably, this field of
photon source invention and development shows no signs of slowing
down. Studies have already been started on the next generation of
x-ray sources, which would have a time resolution in the
atto-second (1 as = 10-18 second) regime, comparable to the time of
electron motion inside atoms. It can be fully expected that these
photon sources will stand out among the most powerful future
science research tools. The physics community as well as the entire
scientific community will hear of many pioneering and
groundbreaking research results using these sources in the coming
years.This volume contains fifteen articles, all written by leading
scientists in their respective fields. It is aimed at the
designers, builders and users of accelerator-based photon sources
as well as general audience who are interested in this topic.
The theme of this volume, "Medical Applications of Accelerators",
is of enormous importance to human health and has a deep impact on
our society.The invention of particle accelerators in the early
20th century created a whole new world for producing energetic
X-rays, electrons, protons, neutrons and other particle beams.
Immediately these beams found revolutionary applications in
medicine. There are two important yet distinct medical
applications. One is that accelerators produce radioisotopes for
various nuclear medicines for millions of patients each year. The
other is that accelerators produce particle beams for radiation
therapy for the treatment of cancer. The particle beams can be
X-rays (generated by high-energy electrons), protons, neutrons or
heavy ions such as carbon. Today there are more than 5,000
accelerators routinely used in hospitals all over the world for
nuclear medicine and cancer therapy. The great potential of
accelerator applications in medicine can hardly be exaggerated.This
volume contains 14 articles, all written by distinguished scholars.
Particle accelerators are a major invention of the 20th century. In
the last eight decades,they have evolved enormously and have
fundamentally changed the way we live, think and work.Accelerators
are the most powerful microscopes for viewing the tiniest inner
structure of cells, genes, molecules, atoms and their constituents
such as protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos and quarks. This
opens up a whole new world for materials science, chemistry and
molecular biology. Accelerators with megawatt beam power may
ultimately solve a critical problem faced by our society, namely,
the treatment of nuclear waste and the supply of an alternative
type of energy.There are also tens of thousands of small
accelerators all over the world. They are used every day for
medical imaging, cancer therapy, radioisotope production,
high-density chip-making, mass spectrometry, cargo x-ray/gamma-ray
imaging, detection of explosives and illicit drugs, and weapons.
This volume provides a comprehensive review of this driving and
fascinating field.The poster (also available in 1118 x 406 mm size)
which illustrates the history and development of particle
accelerators from 1919 to the future can be purchased separately.
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