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A historical review of the evolution of concepts, postulates and
guidelines concerning disease causation from early germ theory to
current work in the area of chronic noncontagious diseases.
Students and researchers in epidemiology, clinical medicine,
microbiology and related fields will value discussion of changing
criteria as these apply to speci
Providing a comprehensive picture of the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of non-experimental studies of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, the Second Edition of this widely used text has been thoroughly updated to take into account the numerous developments in epidemiology over the past decade. Since the first edition was published in 1986, additional sources of data have become available through the increasing use of computerized records for health-related purposes. Also, a better understanding of the uses and limitations of certain epidemiologic concepts has been gained. Modifications of traditional study designs, including nested case-control studies and case-cohort studies, are now more frequently employed. Biological markers of exposure, disease susceptibility, and disease itself are used in many studies and methods of statistical analysis have been further developed. All of these developments have been considered in writing the Second Edition. The authors cover the full scope of observational studies, describing in detail cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and epidemic investigation. The use of statistical procedures is described in easy-to-understand terms. Sample size estimation, sampling, measurement, and measurement error are fully discussed. Each chapter in the second edition has been updated and several chapters have been expanded. Chapter 3, which summarizes sources of data on disease occurrence, includes several additional sources of data. Chapter 5, which describes modifications of traditional study designs, now contains nested case-control and case-cohort studies. Chapter 15, on other types of measurement, has been expanded to include sections on measurement in epidemiologic studies of the elderly and on biological markers since these have become major areas of epidemiologic research in recent years. Much of the material in Chapters 6, 7, and 9 on the analysis of data from epidemiologic studies is also new to this edition. Perhaps the greatest challenge for the authors in writing this Second Edition was to make some of the modern, frequently used methods of statistical analysis understandable to readers with a limited mathematical or statistical background. Although this book is intended for readers who have had introductory courses in epidemiology and biostatistics, even readers who do not fully comprehend the theory behind some of the techniques should understand the rationale for their use and be able to interpret results when they appear on a computer printout or in the literature. The Second Edition of this widely used text will serve as a practical resource for students and practitioners of epidemiology, public health and biostatistics.
This is a companion volume to Viral Infections of Humans:
Epidemiology and Control. The apparent success of that book in
bridging the gap between texts on basic microbiology and those on
clinical infectious diseases led to editing this one on bacterial
infections, the chapters of which are organized in exactly the same
format of 12 units: introduction, historical background,
methodology, biological characteristics of the organism,
descriptive epidemiology, mechanisms and routes of transmission,
pathogenesis and im munity, patterns of host response, control and
prevention, unresolved problems, references, and suggested reading.
The purpose of this book is to provide a description and
understanding of the pathogenesis of infection and disease both
within the community and within the individual. This is done in the
belief that a variety of factors in both the external and the
internal environment, and in the nature of the infectious agent,
influence exposure, the development of infection, and the pattern
of the host response. An understanding of the epidemiology and
pathogenesis of these processes forms the basis for approaches to
control and prevention. The first two chapters of this book deal
with general epidemiological concepts and with surveillance.
also occurs. New outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred in
Colombia and Trinidad and new outbreaks of rift valley fever have
occurred in Egypt. Chapter 6, Arenaviruses: The biochemical and
physical properties have now been clar ified, and they show a
remarkable uniformity in the various viruses constituting the
group. The possibility that prenatal infection with LCM may result
in hydrocephalus and chorioretinitis has been raised. Serologic
surveys have suggested the existence of Lassa virus infection in
Guinea, Central African Empire, Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Benin,
in addition to earlier identification in Nigeria, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone. Chapter 7, Coronaviruses: New studies have confirmed
the important role of these viruses in common respiratory illnesses
of children and adults. The viruses are now known to contain a
single positive strand of RNA. About 50% of corona virus infections
result in clinical illness. About 5% of common colds are caused by
strain DC 43 in winter. Chapter 8, Cytomegalovirus: Sections on
pathogenesis of CMV in relation to organ transplantation and
mononucleosis, as well as sections on the risk and features of con
genital infection and disease, have been expanded. There are
encouraging preliminary results with a live CMV vaccine, but the
questions of viral persistence and oncogenicity require further
evaluation."
also occurs. New outbreaks of yellow fever have occurred in
Colombia and Trinidad and new outbreaks of rift valley fever have
occurred in Egypt. Chapter 6, Arenaviruses: The biochemical and
physical properties have now been clar ified, and they show a
remarkable uniformity in the various viruses constituting the
group. The possibility that prenatal infection with LCM may result
in hydrocephalus and chorioretinitis has been raised. Serologic
surveys have suggested the existence of Lassa virus infection in
Guinea, Central African Empire, Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Benin,
in addition to earlier identification in Nigeria, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone. Chapter 7, Coronaviruses: New studies have confirmed
the important role of these viruses in common respiratory illnesses
of children and adults. The viruses are now known to contain a
single positive strand of RNA. About 50% of corona virus infections
result in clinical illness. About 5% of common colds are caused by
strain DC 43 in winter. Chapter 8, Cytomegalovirus: Sections on
pathogenesis of CMV in relation to organ transplantation and
mononucleosis, as well as sections on the risk and features of con
genital infection and disease, have been expanded. There are
encouraging preliminary results with a live CMV vaccine, but the
questions of viral persistence and oncogenicity require further
evaluation.
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