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This proceedings book presents the main findings of the 13th
International Seminar on Polymer Science and Technology ( ISPST
2018), which was held at Amirkabir University of Technology,
Tehran, on November 10-22, 2018. This forum was the culmination of
more than three decades of academic and industrial activities of
Iranian scholars and professionals, and the participation of many
notable international scientists, in covering various important
polymer-related subjects of concern to Iran and the world at large,
including polymer synthesis, processing and properties, as well as
issues concerning polymer degradation, stability, and environmental
aspects. For the past half a century, the growing concern for
advancing human health, quality of life, and - especially in the
last few decades - avoiding and combating environmental pollution
have shaped and driven scientific activities geared toward the
creation of smart materials that are compatible with the human
body, and have prompted scientists and technologists to pursue
research using natural and sustainable sources. This book
highlights efforts to responsibly address the problems caused by,
and which can potentially be solved by, polymers and plastics.
This book focuses on the different kinds of biofuels and biofuel
resources. Biofuels represent a major type of renewable energy. As
part of a larger bio-economy, they are closely linked to
agriculture, forestry and manufacturing. Biofuels have the
potential to improve regional energy access, reduce dependence on
fossil fuels and contribute to climate protection. Further, this
alternative form of energy could revitalize the forestry and
agricultural sector and promote the increased use of renewable
resources as raw materials in a range of industrial processes.
Efforts are continuously being made to develop economically
competitive biofuels, and microbes play important roles in the
production of biofuels from various bioresources. This book
elaborates on recent advances in existing microbial technologies
and on sustainable approaches to improving biofuel production
processes. Additionally, it examines trends in, and the limitations
of, existing processes and technologies. The book offers a
comprehensive overview of microbial bioresources, microbial
technologies, advances in bioconversion and biorefineries, as well
as microbial and metabolic engineering for efficient biofuel
production. Readers will also learn about the environmental impacts
and the influence of climate change on the sustainability of
biofuel production. This book is intended for researchers and
students whose work involves biorefinery technologies,
microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental biology and
related fields.
The extreme microbiomes are those microorganisms thriving under
extreme conditions where no other living being will have any chance
to survive. The extreme habitats are those presenting high
temperatures (thermophiles), low temperature (psychrophiles),
hypersaline environments (halophiles), low and high pH
(Acidophiles/alkaliphiles), high pressure (Piezophiles) are
distributed worldwide. The extreme habitats have proved to offer a
unique reservoir of genetic diversity and biological source of
extremophiles. The extremophilic microbial diversity and their
biotechnological potential use in agricultural and industrial
applications will be a milestone for future needs. Extremophiles
and their cell components, therefore, are expected to play an
important role in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper and
textile industries as well as environmental biotechnology.
Our country's cultural legacy is one of the world's most diverse,
drawing millions of visitors every year to our convents and
monuments, and to our museums, libraries, concert halls and
festivals. In addition, it is a dynamic trigger of economic
activity and jobs. Among the various scientific branches, microbial
biotechnology offers an innovative and precise approach to the
complexity of problems that restorers face in their daily work.
This book discusses a range of topics, including the biodiversity
of microbial communities from various cultural heritage monuments,
microbial biotechnological cleaning techniques, the role of
bacterial fungal communities for the conservation of cultural
heritage, and microbial enzymes and their potential applications as
biorestoration agents. Written by internationally recognized
experts, and providing up-to-date and detailed insights into
microbial biotechnology approaches to cultural heritage monuments,
the book is a valuable resource for biological scientists,
especially microbiologists, microbial biotechnologists, biochemists
and microbial biotechnologists.
This book discusses various renewable energy resources and
technologies. Topics covered include recent advances in
photobioreactor design; microalgal biomass harvesting, drying, and
processing; and technological advances and optimised production
systems as prerequisites for achieving a positive energy balance.
It highlights alternative resources that can be used to replace
fossil fuels, such as algal biofuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, and
biohydrogen. Further, it reviews microbial technologies, discusses
an immobilization method, and highlights the efficiency of enzymes
as a key factor in biofuel production. In closing, the book
outlines future research directions to increase oil yields in
microalgae, which could create new opportunities for lipid-based
biofuels, and provides an outlook on the future of global biofuel
production. Given its scope, the book will appeal to all
researchers and engineers working in the renewable energy sector.
Qanat is a gently sloping subterranean canal, which taps a
water-bearing zone at a higher elevation than cultivated lands. A
qanat consist of a series of vertical shafts in sloping ground,
interconnected at the bottom by a tunnel with a gradient flatter
than that of the ground. From the air, this system looks like a
line of anthills leading from the foothills across the desert to
the greenery of an irrigated settlement. Qanat engages a variety of
knowledge and its studying entails an interdisciplinary approach.
In a traditional realm, qanats are embraced by a socio-economic
system which guarantees their sustainability. The facets of this
socio-economic system operate closely together and make it possible
for the qanats to remain into future. Veins of the Desert shows
that digging a qanat requires a variety of sciences and
technologies, though at a glance qanat is just a horizontal tunnel
which drains out groundwater. Qanat is a feat of technology left
from our ancestors; hidden underground, but its technical
importance is apparent, not less valuable than such surface
structures as bridges, castles, towers, etc. Qanat enjoys extended
structures and sometimes its length reaches tens of kilometers. It
passes through geological formations and faces different conditions
and obstacles, so the qanat masters' efforts to solve these
problems led to the accumulation of knowledge in terms of qanat
construction over time, which has been handed down from generation
to generation. Qanat is one of the most complicated traditional
technologies, which require knowledge on nature ranging from
groundwater to management. This indigenous technology used to bring
water efficiently from tens of kilometers away to the thirsty
lands. This book also gives insight into cultural and social
heritages, which have crystalized around this technique. This
cultural heritage still influences social life of the people living
in such regions as central plateau of Iran where qanat has been the
only means of supplying water. This technology is the focal point
of the genesis of a particular civilization in the arid and
semi-arid regions of Iran. The harsh environment drove those people
to invent the technology of qanat and the know-how revolving around
it. Qanat carries a tradition of science and technology which used
to be practiced in order to overcome the technical obstacles in
qanat construction. Thus, qanat is not only an irrigational means,
but it should be seen as a technical and cultural legacy which
deserves more attention. This book is a small encyclopedia on qanat
system, providing the readers with easy answers to their questions
about different aspects of this ancient technology.
The extreme microbiomes are those microorganisms thriving under
extreme conditions where no other living being will have any chance
to survive. The extreme habitats are those presenting high
temperatures (thermophiles), low temperature (psychrophiles),
hypersaline environments (halophiles), low and high pH
(Acidophiles/alkaliphiles), high pressure (Piezophiles) are
distributed worldwide. The extreme habitats have proved to offer a
unique reservoir of genetic diversity and biological source of
extremophiles. The extremophilic microbial diversity and their
biotechnological potential use in agricultural and industrial
applications will be a milestone for future needs. Extremophiles
and their cell components, therefore, are expected to play an
important role in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper and
textile industries as well as environmental biotechnology.
This book focuses on the different kinds of biofuels and biofuel
resources. Biofuels represent a major type of renewable energy. As
part of a larger bio-economy, they are closely linked to
agriculture, forestry and manufacturing. Biofuels have the
potential to improve regional energy access, reduce dependence on
fossil fuels and contribute to climate protection. Further, this
alternative form of energy could revitalize the forestry and
agricultural sector and promote the increased use of renewable
resources as raw materials in a range of industrial processes.
Efforts are continuously being made to develop economically
competitive biofuels, and microbes play important roles in the
production of biofuels from various bioresources. This book
elaborates on recent advances in existing microbial technologies
and on sustainable approaches to improving biofuel production
processes. Additionally, it examines trends in, and the limitations
of, existing processes and technologies. The book offers a
comprehensive overview of microbial bioresources, microbial
technologies, advances in bioconversion and biorefineries, as well
as microbial and metabolic engineering for efficient biofuel
production. Readers will also learn about the environmental impacts
and the influence of climate change on the sustainability of
biofuel production. This book is intended for researchers and
students whose work involves biorefinery technologies,
microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, environmental biology and
related fields.
Our country's cultural legacy is one of the world's most diverse,
drawing millions of visitors every year to our convents and
monuments, and to our museums, libraries, concert halls and
festivals. In addition, it is a dynamic trigger of economic
activity and jobs. Among the various scientific branches, microbial
biotechnology offers an innovative and precise approach to the
complexity of problems that restorers face in their daily work.
This book discusses a range of topics, including the biodiversity
of microbial communities from various cultural heritage monuments,
microbial biotechnological cleaning techniques, the role of
bacterial fungal communities for the conservation of cultural
heritage, and microbial enzymes and their potential applications as
biorestoration agents. Written by internationally recognized
experts, and providing up-to-date and detailed insights into
microbial biotechnology approaches to cultural heritage monuments,
the book is a valuable resource for biological scientists,
especially microbiologists, microbial biotechnologists, biochemists
and microbial biotechnologists.
This proceedings book presents the main findings of the 13th
International Seminar on Polymer Science and Technology ( ISPST
2018), which was held at Amirkabir University of Technology,
Tehran, on November 10-22, 2018. This forum was the culmination of
more than three decades of academic and industrial activities of
Iranian scholars and professionals, and the participation of many
notable international scientists, in covering various important
polymer-related subjects of concern to Iran and the world at large,
including polymer synthesis, processing and properties, as well as
issues concerning polymer degradation, stability, and environmental
aspects. For the past half a century, the growing concern for
advancing human health, quality of life, and - especially in the
last few decades - avoiding and combating environmental pollution
have shaped and driven scientific activities geared toward the
creation of smart materials that are compatible with the human
body, and have prompted scientists and technologists to pursue
research using natural and sustainable sources. This book
highlights efforts to responsibly address the problems caused by,
and which can potentially be solved by, polymers and plastics.
The True Dream is a Persian satirical drama set in Isfahan in the
lead up to Iran's Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11. Although
its three authors hail from the clerical class, they criticize the
arrogance, corruption and secularity of the Iranian ruling dynasty
and clergy, taking Isfahan as their example. The work blends fact
and fiction by summoning the prominent men of the city to account
for themselves on the Day of Judgement. God speaks offstage,
delivering withering judgements of their behaviour. The dream of
the authors is a vision of an Iran governed by law, where justice
prevails and the clergy are honestly religious. This book has the
Persian and English translation on facing pages. The introduction
presents brief biographies of the authors - who wrote anonymously,
but were all executed. One of the authors was the father of
Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, a pioneer of modern Persian fiction, and
The True Dream was one of the first dramas, in European style, to
be written in Persian. The book shows that today's struggle for a
modern society began more than a century ago, and then and now
pivots on the role of the Islamic clerics (the ulama). Using
colloquial language, this first English translation of a
significant and humorous Persian satirical drama will prove an
accessible and valuable resource for students of Persian. By
marking a significant point in the influence of Western political
philosophy and Western drama on the Persian intellectual classes,
this book will also appeal to students and scholars of Middle
Eastern History and Political Science.
The True Dream is a Persian satirical drama set in Isfahan in the
lead up to Iran's Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11. Although
its three authors hail from the clerical class, they criticize the
arrogance, corruption and secularity of the Iranian ruling dynasty
and clergy, taking Isfahan as their example. The work blends fact
and fiction by summoning the prominent men of the city to account
for themselves on the Day of Judgement. God speaks offstage,
delivering withering judgements of their behaviour. The dream of
the authors is a vision of an Iran governed by law, where justice
prevails and the clergy are honestly religious. This book has the
Persian and English translation on facing pages. The introduction
presents brief biographies of the authors - who wrote anonymously,
but were all executed. One of the authors was the father of
Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, a pioneer of modern Persian fiction, and
The True Dream was one of the first dramas, in European style, to
be written in Persian. The book shows that today's struggle for a
modern society began more than a century ago, and then and now
pivots on the role of the Islamic clerics (the ulama). Using
colloquial language, this first English translation of a
significant and humorous Persian satirical drama will prove an
accessible and valuable resource for students of Persian. By
marking a significant point in the influence of Western political
philosophy and Western drama on the Persian intellectual classes,
this book will also appeal to students and scholars of Middle
Eastern History and Political Science.
New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and
Bioengineering: Trends of Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable
Agriculture and Biomedicine Systems: Perspectives for Human Health
discusses how microbial biotechnology helps us understand new
strategies to reduce pathogens and drug resistance through
microbial biotechnology. The most commonly used probiotic bacteria
are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Therefore, the probiotic
strains exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and other
important properties. This new book provides an indispensable
reference source for engineers/bioengineers, biochemists,
biotechnologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and researchers
who want to know about the unique properties of this microbe and
explore its sustainable biomedicine future applications.
Posterior resin composite restorations have been accepted as a
valid treatment option when a controlled clinical environment is
achieved. Various clinical techniques have been published
suggesting methods to overcome shrinkage problems and to achieve an
improved marginal seal. This study is a clinical trial to determine
the presence and absence of postoperative sensitivity after
placement of posterior composite restorations with two placement
techniques in different depth of cavities in a dental hospital.
Cotton is an important fiber crop of Pakistan and is also the
second most important oilseed crop in the world. The cotton plant
possesses a narrow range of ecological adaptability and is very
much influenced by the climatic conditions. Among many factors
causing low yield, sowing time and plant spacing are more
important. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate
the effect of different sowing times and plant distances on the
growth, seed cotton yield and quality of cotton genotype BH-160
under the agro-ecological conditions of Rahim Yar Khan in irrigated
environment. It may be concluded from this study that the boll
number, boll weight and yield per plant decreased with closer
spacing but seed cotton yield per hectare increased. The 15 cm
plant to plant spacing produced more seed cotton yield due to more
number to of plants per hectare, which compensated the other, yield
components. Plants spacing however did not affect G.O.T%, seed
index and fibre quality and plant height. Sowing date of 15th May
gave maximum seed cotton yield and did not effect on monopodial
branches.
By studying this book, you can confirm your belief in God and love
Him and all His creatures. Plantinga established that there is not
any inconsistency between God and evil, in spite of John Mackie's
claim.Plantinga recognizes three kinds of contradiction: Explicit
contradiction, Formal contradiction and implicit contradiction. He
proved that there is not any logical inconsistency between the
existence of God and the existence of evil, but there is a
consistency between them Mutahhary, by a different way, could
receive to his three basic aims: -Dualism is wrong, and only the
goods have objected to decree and ordinance of God. -The evils are
essentially are not separable from the material world, then their
existence have not any inconsistency with the existence of God.
-He, by asserting the utilities of evils, shows that the actual
material world is the best possible world and human being can even
change the sufferings and difficulties and disasters to a cause of
evolution, happiness and development . It seems that such
combinatorial theory of Divine justice, can introduce correct
logical justification of most evil state of affairs.
From man's earliest attempts to manufacture tools and cloths and
construct buildings, he has faced health risks from inhalable
substances or dusts in the workplace. With sophistication of life
and creation of villages, cities and societies, such risks became
more serious. Fibrosis is the abnormal production of collagen
fibers following tissue damage. This accounts for the formation of
scar tissue. Lung fibrosis is one of the typical ways in which the
lung reacts to damaging stimuli. Historically, idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis was thought to be a deleterious consequence of persistent
lung inflammation that followed an unknown insult. It is clear that
novel strategies are required in the treatment of pulmonary
fibrosis. Specific anticytokine therapies will require evaluation,
used either singly or in combination. In this book, we practically
investigated the involving phenomena during the process of
bleomycin-induced fibrosis in murine lung.
Fundamentals of hydraulics and hydrology are used to present the
basic theory necessary to understand hydropower engineering. The
proposed hydel scheme lies on Upper Chenab Canal Lower at RD 283
using the available discharge data of UCC for past ten years, daily
flow duration curve, hydrograph and rating curve are developed
which are used to analyze and select suitable pattern for power
generation. The proposed layout of the study recommended is
conventional powerhouse with a spillway discharge downstream of RD
283. The procedures presented fill a need for an authoritative
technique to help in the design and environmental aspects of
planning for potential projects. Estimated total cost of the
project is Rs. 219.509 million inclusive of Rs. 62.600 million as
foreign exchange compared. Internal rate of return in case of this
study is 32.95% Comparison of the results with equivalent diesel
generation shows the economic viability of the project. Project is
relatively marginal and very small in terms of energy contribution
yet it is commended for implementation in view of acute shortage of
electricity in the country at present.
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