The cultivated sunflower scientifically is Helianthus annuus L. that belongs to family Asteraceae. It is a diploid specie (2n = 2x = 34) that belongs to the sub tribe Helianthinae, subfamily Asteroideae. The genus Helianthus includes 12 annual and 36 perennial species. Sunflower, in Pakistan is cultivated on 443.2 thousand hectares with the seed production of 643 thousand tones and oil production of 244 thousand tones.Sunflower is highly cross pollinated crop and is ideally suited for heterosis exploitation. In sunflower, heterosis breeding evolved successfully as the detection of cytoplasmic male sterility source. The line x tester analysis is an efficient method to assess the large number of inbreds and it provides the information on the relative importance of general and specific combining ability effects to understand the genetic basis of important plant characters viz., plant height, head diameter, stem diameter, achene weight, achene yield and oil contents etc. The general combining ability (GCA) of line means the average value of its performance in hybrids when crossed with other lines. The specific combining ability (SCA) means the performance of individual hybrids.

Maize has always been an important in cereals as it has been used as food, fodder and feed human consumption, animals and poultry respectively. Improvement in quality components of maize crop is the most important task to fulfill the nutritional requirements. Maize flour and its products are the main source of nutrition for its consumers. Genetic studies provide us a base and approach to improve the quality components, various physiological and morphological traits associated with yield and yield related traits.The cultivated maize scientifically is Zea mays L. that belongs to family kingdom Plantae, subkingdom Tracheobionta, superdivision Spermatophyta, division Magnoliophyta, classLiliopsida, subclass Commelinidae, OrderCyperales, Family Poaceae (grass family), genus Zea (corn), species Zea mays (corn). Itis a diploid specie (2n = 2x = 20) The genusZea includes 6 annual and3 perennial species. Maize has many uses. Its grain is a rich source of starch, vitamins, proteins and minerals. One hundred gram of fresh grain contains 361 calories of energy, 9.4 g protein; 4.3g fat, 74.4g carbohydrate, 1.8g fibre; 1.3g ash, 10.6 per cent water, 140mg vitamins, 9mg calcium.