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In 1991, my newly formed researchgroupat Berkeley was working
intensely in the area of continuum-level constitutive relationships
that could be obtained in a deductive mannerfrom
microstructuralinformationthroughthemethods of homogenization
theory. Of particular interest was the application of such methods
to structural problems in the blossoming field of micromechanical
devices. In this context it was becoming evident that we needed to
learn to navigate through the continuum/discrete interface. Such
were the circumstances when Vladimir Granik came to visit us at
Berkeley for the first time. It is probably not surprising that we
received with great enthusiasm his offer to join forces and develop
a mechanics .of solid structures that would be based on a discrete
representation of matter. Vladimir had established the foundations
for such an endeavor with his work at Moscow University in the late
1970s. Since that first meeting, and with ever-increasing
enthusiasm, it has been a great privilege for me to collaborate
with Vladimir. We first applied the formalism of what has become
known as "doublet mechanics" to the microstructure-based theory of
failure of solids and worked on the paral- lels and differences
between the doublet approach and homogenization, to- gether with
Kevin Mon and Derek Hansford. Plane elastodynamics followed after
Francesco Maddalena had proposed doublet viscoelesticity. The
consti- tutive relationships in doublet mechanics were laid on a
firm thermodynami- cal foundation through the work of Kevin Mon,
while Miqin Zhang analyzed free boundary effects on multi-scale
plane elastic waves in discrete domains.
Deafness is the invisible disability and the most common human
sensory defects. It leads to difficult speech development poor
educational and employment prospects of childhood. Comprehensive
otologic and audiological evaluations are very much essential for
aetiological assessment of hearing impaired children and management
efficacy. The aetiology of deaf Children was diverse. Infection was
the predominationg aetiologial factor (38%). The infections were:
Measles (31.5%), Pneumonia in (26.2%), Typhoid (21.5%), Maternal
Rubella (5.2%), Varicella (5.2%), Mumps (5.2%) and Meningitis
(5.2%). 48% of deaf child had a parental suspicion of deafness
below the one year of age. 35% had a positive family history and
32% had history of consanguinal marriage. The deaf children were
managed with hearing device, among them 89% with hearing aid and
11% with cochlear implant 42.7% of child used hearing aid in both
ears. The results of aided audiogram showde that, the gain after
using hearing aid within 31-60 dB were 80%.10% in right ear, 71.10%
in left year and 70.00% in both ears, so average gain after using
hearing aid was 74% within 31- 60 dB.
Fossil fuels are limited and are running out through extensive
usage. Therefore alternative source of energy is more important now
than ever before. Unlike traditional power plants, electricity
generation using solar power systems provides an environment
friendly way to harness energy, produces virtually no emission and
consumes no fuel other than sunlight. The energy collection and
conversion through solar panel depends on the amount of irradiance
is decreased when the sun is not directly in front of the panels.
Therefore, there is a decrease in the amount of energy absorbed by
the collector. To make solar energy more viable, the efficiency of
solar array system must be maximize. The existing solar panels have
very low efficiency and are very expensive also. Due to the initial
cost of the equipment solar energy conversion is still an expensive
alternate. Therefore, enhancing the efficiency of solar panel or
energy converting technology is the best way to reduce that cost.
In this book authors have described about the efficient tracking of
sun using double sun method which gives certain increase of power
output and make solar panel much more efficient.
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