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Through a series of case studies, this third volume in the Earth
series deals with the technological constraints and innovations
that enabled societies to survive and thrive across a range of
environmental conditions. The contributions are structured into
three sections to draw out particular commonalities and contrasts
in the choices made by pre-industrial communities in the
construction of varied landscapes and cultural heritage: Landnam,
from the Old Norse for'taking of land', deals with colonisation,
including the drivers and processes through which colonisers
developed an understanding of the productive potential and
limitations of their new lands. Fields and field systems:
Field-walls are a distinctive and apparently timeless
characteristic of many pre-industrial farming landscapes but they
present many the challenges to their study, such as the effects of
ploughing, abandonment and land-use change and of urban development
in fertile lowland zones which may eradicate, reduce or conceal
past systems of land-use and division. The importance of indirect
and proxy evidence is illustrated and the value of
interdisciplinary and modelling approaches emphasised.
Agro-pastoralism: focuses on the complex'time-space adaptations'
devised for managing cultivation and livestock production,
particularly the need to prevent stock incursions into arable
fields during the growing season whilst making effective use of
seasonal grazing resources. The contributions focus on mountainous
areas, where temporary migrations, in the form of transhumance,
provided access to a diversity of resources based around seasonal
constraints on their availability and productivity.
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