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Museums and Atlantic Slavery explores how slavery, the Atlantic
slave trade, and enslaved people are represented through words,
visual images, artifacts, and audiovisual materials in museums in
Europe and the Americas. Divided into four chapters, the book
addresses four recurrent themes: wealth and luxury; victimhood and
victimization; resistance and rebellion; and resilience and
achievement. Considering the roles of various social actors who
have contributed to the introduction of slavery in the museum in
the last thirty years, the analysis draws on selected exhibitions,
and institutions entirely dedicated to slavery, as well as
national, community, plantation, and house museums in the United
States, England, France, and Brazil. Engaging with literature from
a range of disciplines, including history, anthropology, sociology,
art history, tourism and museum studies, Araujo provides an
overview of a topic that has not yet been adequately discussed and
analysed within the museum studies field. Museums and Atlantic
Slavery encourages scholars, students, and museum professionals to
critically engage with representations of slavery in museums. The
book will help readers to recognize how depictions of human bondage
in museums and exhibitions often fail to challenge racism and white
supremacy inherited from the period of slavery.
Museums and Atlantic Slavery explores how slavery, the Atlantic
slave trade, and enslaved people are represented through words,
visual images, artifacts, and audiovisual materials in museums in
Europe and the Americas. Divided into four chapters, the book
addresses four recurrent themes: wealth and luxury; victimhood and
victimization; resistance and rebellion; and resilience and
achievement. Considering the roles of various social actors who
have contributed to the introduction of slavery in the museum in
the last thirty years, the analysis draws on selected exhibitions,
and institutions entirely dedicated to slavery, as well as
national, community, plantation, and house museums in the United
States, England, France, and Brazil. Engaging with literature from
a range of disciplines, including history, anthropology, sociology,
art history, tourism and museum studies, Araujo provides an
overview of a topic that has not yet been adequately discussed and
analysed within the museum studies field. Museums and Atlantic
Slavery encourages scholars, students, and museum professionals to
critically engage with representations of slavery in museums. The
book will help readers to recognize how depictions of human bondage
in museums and exhibitions often fail to challenge racism and white
supremacy inherited from the period of slavery.
This book is a transnational and comparative study examining the
processes that led to the memorialization of slavery and the
Atlantic slave trade in the second half of the twentieth century.
Araujo explores numerous kinds of initiatives such as monuments,
memorials, and museums as well as heritage sites. By connecting
different projects developed in various countries and urban centers
in Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the last two decades,
the author retraces the various stages of the Atlantic slave trade
and slavery including the enslavement in Africa, the process of
confinement in slave depots, the Middle Passage, the arrival in the
Americas, the daily life of forced labor, until the fight for
emancipation and the abolition of slavery. Relying on a multitude
of examples from the United States, Brazil, and the Caribbean, the
book discusses how different groups and social actors have competed
to occupy the public arena by associating the slave past with other
human atrocities, especially the Holocaust. Araujo explores how the
populations of African descent, white elites, and national
governments, very often carrying particular political agendas,
appropriated the slave past by fighting to make it visible or
conceal it in the public space of former slave societies.
The public memory of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade, which
some years ago could be observed especially in North America, has
slowly emerged into a transnational phenomenon now encompassing
Europe, Africa, and Latin America, and even Asia - allowing the
populations of African descent, organized groups, governments,
non-governmental organizations and societies in these different
regions to individually and collectively update and reconstruct the
slave past. This edited volume examines the recent transnational
emergence of the public memory of slavery, shedding light on the
work of memory produced by groups of individuals who are
descendants of slaves. The chapters in this book explore how the
memory of the enslaved and slavers is shaped and displayed in the
public space not only in the former slave societies but also in the
regions that provided captives to the former American colonies and
European metropoles. Through the analysis of exhibitions, museums,
monuments, accounts, and public performances, the volume makes
sense of the political stakes involved in the phenomenon of
memorialization of slavery and the slave trade in the public
sphere.
This book is a transnational and comparative study examining the
processes that led to the memorialization of slavery and the
Atlantic slave trade in the second half of the twentieth century.
Araujo explores numerous kinds of initiatives such as monuments,
memorials, and museums as well as heritage sites. By connecting
different projects developed in various countries and urban centers
in Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the last two decades,
the author retraces the various stages of the Atlantic slave trade
and slavery including the enslavement in Africa, the process of
confinement in slave depots, the Middle Passage, the arrival in the
Americas, the daily life of forced labor, until the fight for
emancipation and the abolition of slavery. Relying on a multitude
of examples from the United States, Brazil, and the Caribbean, the
book discusses how different groups and social actors have competed
to occupy the public arena by associating the slave past with other
human atrocities, especially the Holocaust. Araujo explores how the
populations of African descent, white elites, and national
governments, very often carrying particular political agendas,
appropriated the slave past by fighting to make it visible or
conceal it in the public space of former slave societies.
The public memory of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade, which
some years ago could be observed especially in North America, has
slowly emerged into a transnational phenomenon now encompassing
Europe, Africa, and Latin America, and even Asia - allowing the
populations of African descent, organized groups, governments,
non-governmental organizations and societies in these different
regions to individually and collectively update and reconstruct the
slave past.
This edited volume examines the recent transnational emergence
of the public memory of slavery, shedding light on the work of
memory produced by groups of individuals who are descendants of
slaves. The chapters in this book explore how the memory of the
enslaved and slavers is shaped and displayed in the public space
not only in the former slave societies but also in the regions that
provided captives to the former American colonies and European
metropoles. Through the analysis of exhibitions, museums,
monuments, accounts, and public performances, the volume makes
sense of the political stakes involved in the phenomenon of
memorialization of slavery and the slave trade in the public
sphere.
In 1858 François-Auguste Biard, a well-known sixty-year-old French
artist, arrived in Brazil to explore and depict its jungles and the
people who lived there. What did he see and how did he see it? In
this book historian Ana Lucia Araujo examines Biard’s Brazil with
special attention to what she calls his “tropical romanticism”:
a vision of the country with an emphasis on the exotic. Biard was
not only one of the first European artists to encounter and depict
native Brazilians, but also one of the first travelers to
photograph the rain forest and its inhabitants. His 1862 travelogue
Deux années en Brésil includes 180 woodcuts that reveal
Brazil’s reliance on slave labor as well as describe the
landscape, flora, and fauna, with lively narratives of his
adventures and misadventures in the rain forest. Thoroughly
researched, Araujo places Biard’s work in the context of the
European travel writing of the time and examines how
representations of Brazil through French travelogues contributed
and reinforced cultural stereotypes and ideas about race and race
relations in Brazil. She further summarizes that similar
representations continue and influence perspectives today.
Slavery and the Atlantic slave trade are among the most heinous
crimes against humanity committed in the modern era. Yet, to this
day no former slave society in the Americas has paid reparations to
former slaves or their descendants. Ana Lucia Araujo shows that
these calls for reparations have persevered over a long and
difficult history. She traces the ways in which enslaved and freed
individuals have conceptualized the idea of reparations since the
18th century in petitions, correspondence, pamphlets, public
speeches, slave narratives, and judicial claims. Taking the reader
through the era of slavery, emancipation, post-abolition, and the
present day and drawing on the voices of various of enslaved
peoples and their descendants, the book illuminates the multiple
dimensions of the demands of reparations. This new edition boasts a
new chapter on the global impact of the Black Lives Matter
movement, the seismic effect of the killing of George Floyd, calls
for university reparations and the dismantling of statues. Updated
throughout, this edition includes primary sources, further
readings, and many illustrations.
Slavery and the Atlantic slave trade are among the most heinous
crimes against humanity committed in the modern era. Yet, to this
day no former slave society in the Americas has paid reparations to
former slaves or their descendants. Ana Lucia Araujo shows that
these calls for reparations have persevered over a long and
difficult history. She traces the ways in which enslaved and freed
individuals have conceptualized the idea of reparations since the
18th century in petitions, correspondence, pamphlets, public
speeches, slave narratives, and judicial claims. Taking the reader
through the era of slavery, emancipation, post-abolition, and the
present day and drawing on the voices of various of enslaved
peoples and their descendants, the book illuminates the multiple
dimensions of the demands of reparations. This new edition boasts a
new chapter on the global impact of the Black Lives Matter
movement, the seismic effect of the killing of George Floyd, calls
for university reparations and the dismantling of statues. Updated
throughout, this edition includes primary sources, further
readings, and many illustrations.
The Gift explores how objects of prestige contributed to
cross-cultural exchanges between Africans and Europeans during the
Atlantic slave trade. An eighteenth-century silver ceremonial
sword, commissioned in the port of La Rochelle by French traders,
was offered as a gift to an African commercial agent in the port of
Cabinda (Kingdom of Ngoyo), in present-day Angola. Slave traders
carried this object from Cabinda to Abomey, the capital of the
Kingdom of Dahomey in today's Republic of Benin, from where French
officers looted the item in the late nineteenth-century. Drawing
from a rich set of sources in French, English, and Portuguese, as
well as artifacts housed in museums across Europe and the Americas,
Ana Lucia Araujo illuminates how luxury objects impacted
European-African relations, and how these economic, cultural, and
social interactions paved the way for the European conquest and
colonization of West Africa and West Central Africa.
Exploring notions of history, collective memory, cultural memory,
public memory, official memory, and public history, Slavery in the
Age of Memory: Engaging the Past explains how ordinary citizens,
social groups, governments and institutions engage with the past of
slavery and the Atlantic slave trade. It illuminates how and why
over the last five decades the debates about slavery have become so
relevant in the societies where slavery existed and which
participated in the Atlantic slave trade. The book draws on a
variety of case studies to investigate its central questions. How
have social actors and groups in Europe, Africa and the Americas
engaged with the slave past of their societies? Are there are any
relations between the demands to rename streets of Liverpool in
England and the protests to take down Confederate monuments in the
United States? How have black and white social actors and scholars
influenced the ways slavery is represented in George Washington's
Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in the United
States?How do slave cemeteries in Brazil and the United States and
the walls of names of Whitney Plantation speak to other initiatives
honoring enslaved people in England and South Africa? What shared
problems and goals have led to the creation of the International
Slavery Museum in Liverpool and the National Museum of African
American History and Culture in Washington DC? Why have artists
used their works to confront the debates about slavery and its
legacies? The important debates addressed in this book resonate in
the present day. Arguing that memory of slavery is racialized and
gendered, the book shows that more than just attempts to come to
terms with the past, debates about slavery are associated with the
persistent racial inequalities, racism, and white supremacy which
still shape societies where slavery existed. Slavery in the Age of
Memory: Engaging the Past is thus a vital resource for students and
scholars of the Atlantic world, the history of slavery and public
history.
Exploring notions of history, collective memory, cultural memory,
public memory, official memory, and public history, Slavery in the
Age of Memory: Engaging the Past explains how ordinary citizens,
social groups, governments and institutions engage with the past of
slavery and the Atlantic slave trade. It illuminates how and why
over the last five decades the debates about slavery have become so
relevant in the societies where slavery existed and which
participated in the Atlantic slave trade. The book draws on a
variety of case studies to investigate its central questions. How
have social actors and groups in Europe, Africa and the Americas
engaged with the slave past of their societies? Are there are any
relations between the demands to rename streets of Liverpool in
England and the protests to take down Confederate monuments in the
United States? How have black and white social actors and scholars
influenced the ways slavery is represented in George Washington's
Mount Vernon and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello in the United
States?How do slave cemeteries in Brazil and the United States and
the walls of names of Whitney Plantation speak to other initiatives
honoring enslaved people in England and South Africa? What shared
problems and goals have led to the creation of the International
Slavery Museum in Liverpool and the National Museum of African
American History and Culture in Washington DC? Why have artists
used their works to confront the debates about slavery and its
legacies? The important debates addressed in this book resonate in
the present day. Arguing that memory of slavery is racialized and
gendered, the book shows that more than just attempts to come to
terms with the past, debates about slavery are associated with the
persistent racial inequalities, racism, and white supremacy which
still shape societies where slavery existed. Slavery in the Age of
Memory: Engaging the Past is thus a vital resource for students and
scholars of the Atlantic world, the history of slavery and public
history.
Based on innovative and extensive research, this edited volume
examines the complex and unique human, cultural, and religious
exchanges that resulted from the enslavement and the trade of
Africans in the North and the South Atlantic regions during the era
of the transatlantic slave trade. The book shows the connections
between multiple Atlantic worlds that contain unique and diverse
characteristics. The Atlantic slave trade disrupted African
societies, families, and kin groups. Along the paths of the slave
trade, men, women and children were imprisoned, separated, raped,
and killed by war, famine and disease. The authors investigate some
of the different pathways, whether physical and geographical or
intellectual and metaphorical, that arose over the centuries in
different parts of the Atlantic world in response to the slave
trade and slavery. Highlighting unique and similar aspects, this
groundbreaking book follows the trajectories of individuals,
groups, and images, rethinking their relations with the local, and
the Atlantic contexts.Although not neglecting statistic data, the
volume focuses on the movement of groups and individuals as well as
the cultural, artistic and religious transfers deriving from the
Atlantic slave trade. Privileging multidirectional and
transnational approaches, the authors investigate regions and
groups usually underrepresented in Atlantic scholarship. The
various chapters reassess the results of the transatlantic slave
trade interactions that gave birth to mixed groups, cultures, and
artistic forms on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Some chapters
examine the trajectories of North Americans who fought against
slavery, as well as those historical actors who benefited from the
trade by selling and buying enslaved people. Other chapters study
the lives of enslaved Africans and people of African descent, in
order to understand how these experiences are brought to the
present and reinterpreted by the later generations through visual
arts and film. As a number of contributors included in this volume
argue, the exchanges that resulted from the movement of peoples,
goods, ideas, mentalities, tastes, and images and their legacies
did not stop with the end of the Atlantic slave trade and slavery,
but remain the object of continuous transformation, adaptation, and
reinvention.Challenging the prevailing Atlantic world scholarship
that usually privileges economic exchanges and demographic data,
the book illuminates the multiple experiences of African and
African-descended male and female historical actors in the North
and the South Atlantic spaces. The various paths of the slave trade
explored in the different chapters of this book shed light on the
trajectories and representations of African individuals and their
descendants in the Atlantic basin and beyond. Although the victims
are no longer alive to narrate their experiences, the various
authors attempt, even when the sources are scarce, to retrace the
slaving paths of the male and female victims, allowing us to figure
out the development of multiple Atlantic individual and collective
encounters and interactions. Eventually, some contributors show
that these individuals and groups who were forced into different
pathways, sometimes were able to negotiate, to make choices, and
seal various sorts of alliances, facing the challenges imposed by
the Atlantic slave trade brutal dynamics.This is an important book
for collections in slavery studies, Atlantic history, history of
the United States, Latin American and Caribbean history, African
studies and African Diaspora.
In this book, Ana Lucia Araujo argues that despite the rupture
provoked by the Atlantic slave trade, the Atlantic Ocean was never
a physical barrier that prevented the exchanges between the two
sides; it was instead a corridor that allowed the production of
continuous relations. Araujo shows that the memorialization of
slavery in Brazil and Benin was not only the result of survivals
from the period of the Atlantic slave trade but also the outcome of
a transnational movement that was accompanied by the continuous
intervention of institutions and individuals who promoted the
relations between Brazil and Benin. Araujo insists that the
circulation of images was, and still is, crucial to the development
of reciprocal cultural, religious, and economic exchanges and to
defining what is African in Brazil and what is Brazilian in Africa.
In this context, the South Atlantic is conceived as a large zone in
which the populations of African descent undertake exchanges and
modulate identities, a zone where the European and the Amerindian
identities were also appropriated in order to build its own nature.
This book shows that the public memory of slavery and the Atlantic
slave trade in the South Atlantic is plural; it is conveyed not
only by the descendants of the victims but also by the descendants
of perpetrators. Although the slave past is a critical issue in
societies that largely relied on slave labor and where the heritage
of slavery is still present, the memories of this past remain very
often restricted to the private space. This book shows how in
Brazil and Benin social actors appropriated the slave past to build
new identities, fight against social injustice, and in some cases
obtain political prestige. The book illuminates how the public
memory of slavery in Brazil and Benin contributes to the rise of
the South Atlantic as an autonomous zone of claim for recognition
for those peoples and cultures that were cruelly broken, dispersed,
and depreciated by the Atlantic slave trade. Public Memory of
Slavery is an important book for collections in slavery studies,
memory studies, Brazilian and Latin American studies, ethnic
studies, cultural anthropology, African studies and African
Diaspora. Araujo sheds light on the paradoxical understandings of
the slave trade in southern Benin and the unintended results of
some international efforts to recognise the history of slavery and
the slave trade. ...] makes a useful addition to the literature
because the reader is only reminded how much Africans and descen-
dants of Africans have shaped this vast Atlantic world territory
through divergent processes of exchange and recreation, occurring
both within and beyond the gaze of Western dis- course.
(Itinerario, November 2011) The book is broad ranging and provides
an introduction to numerous subjects (...) Recommended. (Choice,
June 2011)
This book focusses on the several forms of reconstructing the slave
past in the present. The recent emergence of the memory of slavery
allows those who are or who claim to be descendents of slaves to
legitimize their demand for recognition and for reparations for
past wrongs. Some reparation claims encompass financial
compensation, but very often they express the need for
memorialization through public commemoration, museums, and
monuments. In some contexts, presentification of the slave past has
helped governments and the descendants of former masters and slave
merchants to formulate public apologies. For some, expressing
repentance is not only a means to erase guilt but also a way to
gain political prestige. The authors analyse different aspects of
the recent phenomenon of memorializing slavery, especially the
practices employed to stage the slave past in both public and
private spaces. The essays present memory and oblivion as part of
the same process; they discuss reconstructions of the past in the
present at different public and private levels through
historiography, photography, exhibitions, monuments, memorials,
collective and individual discourses, cyberspace, religion and
performance. By offering a comparative perspective on the United
States and West Africa, as well as on Western Europe, South
America, and the Caribbean, the chapters offer new possibilities to
explore the resurgence of the memory of slavery as a transnational
movement in our contemporary world.
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