Covering the period from 200 BCE to 600 CE, this book describes important aspects of identity formation processes within early Judaism and Christianity, and shows how negotiations involving issues of ethnicity, stereotyping, purity, commensality, and institution building contributed to the forming of group identities. Over time, some of these Jewish group identities evolved into non-Jewish Christian identities, others into a rabbinic Jewish identity, while yet others remained somewhere in between. The contributors to this volume trace these developments in archaeological remains as well as in texts from the Qumran movement, the New Testament and the reception of Paul's writings, rabbinic literature, and apocryphal and pseudepigraphical writings, such as the Book of Dreams and the Pseudo-Clementine Homilies. The long timespan covered in the volume together with the combined expertise of scholars from various fields make this book a unique contribution to research on group identity, Jewish and Christian identity formation, the Partings-of-the-ways between Judaism and Christianity, and interactions between Jews and Christians.

Anders Runesson explores the theme of divine judgment through Matthew's text and contemporary Jewish literature. This nuanced discussion of Judaism at the end of the first century has important consequences for understanding Christian origins. Judgment and the wrath of God are prominent themes in Matthew's Gospel. Because judgment is announced not only on the hypocritical but also on those who reject God's messengers - - and because this rejection is implicitly connected with the destruction of Jerusalem - - the Gospel has often been read in terms of God's rejection of Israel. To the contrary, Anders Runesson shows, through careful study of Matthew's composition and comparison with contemporary Jewish literature, that the theme of divine judgment plays very different and distinct roles regarding different groups of Jew (the chosen, the leaders in Jerusalem, the crowds, "this generation"). This important work is essential reading for scholars and students of the New Testament and Matthew's Gospel.