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The basic idea of this introduction to the finite element method is
based on the concept of explaining the complex method using only
one-dimensional elements. Thus, the mathematical description
remains largely simple and straightforward. The emphasis in each
chapter is on explaining the method and understanding it itself.
The reader learns to understand the assumptions and derivations in
various physical problems in structural mechanics and to critically
assess the possibilities and limitations of the finite element
method. The restriction to one-dimensional elements thus enables
the methodical understanding of important topics (e.g. plasticity
or composite materials), which a prospective computational engineer
encounters in professional practice, but which are rarely treated
in this form at universities. Thus, an easy entry - also into more
advanced application areas - is ensured by the concept of (a)
introduction to the basics (b) exact derivation with restriction to
one-dimensional elements (and in many cases also to one-dimensional
problems) (c) extensive examples and advanced tasks (with short
solution in the appendix). For illustration purposes, each chapter
is deepened with extensively calculated and commented examples as
well as with further tasks including short solutions
This book provides a systematic introduction to composite
materials, which are obtained by a layer-wise stacking of
one-dimensional bar/beam elements. Each layer may have different
mechanical properties but each single layer is considered as
isotropic. The major idea is to provide a simplified theory to
easier understand the classical two-dimensional laminate theory for
composites based on laminae with unidirectional fibers. In addition
to the elastic behavior, failure is investigated based on the
maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Hill, and the Tsai-Wu
criteria. Partial differential equations lay the foundation to
mathematically describe the mechanical behavior of any classical
structural member known in engineering mechanics, including
composite materials. The so-called classical laminate theory
provides a simplified stress analysis, and a subsequent failure
analysis, without the solution of the system of coupled
differential equations for the unknown displacements. The procedure
provides the solution of a statically indeterminate system based on
a generalized stress–strain relationship under consideration of
the constitutive relationship and the definition of the so-called
stress resultants. This laminate theory is typically provided for
two-dimensional plane problems, where the basic structural element
is a simple superposition of a classical plane elasticity element
with a thin plate element under the consideration of an orthotropic
constitutive law. This two-dimensional approach and the underlying
advanced continuum mechanical modeling might be very challenging
for some students, particularly at universities of applied
sciences. Thus, a reduced approach, the so-called simplified
classical laminate theory, has been developed. The idea is to use
solely isotropic one-dimensional elements, i.e., a superposition of
bar and beam elements, to introduce the major calculation steps of
the classical laminate theory. Understanding this simplified theory
is much easier and the final step it to highlight the differences
when moving to the general two-dimensional case.
This book addresses various aspects of knowledge management and
technological advances that are driving the ongoing industrial
revolution. This revolution is being driven by the rapid
development of several key technologies, particularly in the areas
of artificial intelligence, robotics, Big Data, the Internet of
Things, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. Another most important
and useful concept is knowledge management because modern
organizations rely on knowledge and its development to achieve
long-term benefits. Therefore, different research directions can
have a significant impact on the industrial revolution and its
results.
This book reports research findings and outcome from various
discipline of engineering and technology, focusing on industrial
technology operation and sustainable development. The content is
the results of research done at the Research and Innovation Section
of the Universiti Kuala Lumpur – MITEC as well as several experts
from other institutions in Malaysia. The content describes the
latest knowledge and development aligned with current trends of
industrial technology operation in Malaysia.
This monograph presents the latest developments and applications of
computational tools related to the biosciences and medical
engineering. Computational tools such as the finite element
methods, computer-aided design and optimization as well as
visualization techniques such as computed axial tomography open
completely new research fields with a closer joining of the
engineering and bio/medical area. Nevertheless, there are still
hurdles since both directions are based on quite different ways of
education. Often even the “language” is sometimes different
from discipline to discipline. This monograph reports the results
of different multi-disciplinary research projects, for example,
from the areas of scaffolds and synthetic bones, implants and
medical devices and medical materials. It is also shown that the
application of computational methods often necessitates
mathematical and experimental methods.
This book presents the latest findings on mechanical and materials
engineering as applied to the design of modern engineering
materials and components. The contributions cover the classical
fields of mechanical, civil and materials engineering, as well as
bioengineering and advanced materials processing and optimization.
The materials and structures discussed can be categorized into
modern steels, aluminium and titanium alloys, polymers/composite
materials, biological and natural materials, material hybrids and
modern nano-based materials. Analytical modelling, numerical
simulation, state-of-the-art design tools and advanced experimental
techniques are applied to characterize the materials’ performance
and to design and optimize structures in different fields of
engineering applications.
Classical plasticity theory of metals is independent of the
hydrostatic pressure. However if the metal contains voids or pores
or if the structure is composed of cells, this classical assumption
is no more valid and the influence of the hydrostatic pressure must
be incorporated in the constitutive description. Looking at the
microlevel, metal plasticity is connected with the uniform planes
of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may slip past each
other along their close-packed directions. The result is a
permanent change of shape within the crystal and plastic
deformation. The presence of dislocations increases the likelihood
of planes slipping. Nowadays, the theory of pressure sensitive
plasticity is successfully applied to many other important classes
of materials (polymers, concrete, bones etc.) even if the phenomena
on the micro-level are different to classical plasticity of metals.
The theoretical background of this phenomenological approach based
on observations on the macro-level is described in detail in this
monograph and applied to a wide range of different important
materials in the last part of this book.
The idea of this monograph is to present the latest results related
to design and computation of engineering materials and structures.
The contributions cover the classical fields of mechanical, civil
and materials engineering up to biomechanics and advanced materials
processing and optimization. The materials and structures covered
can be categorized into modern steels and titanium alloys,
composite materials, biological and natural materials, material
hybrids and modern joining technologies. Analytical modelling,
numerical simulation, the application of state-of-the-art design
tools and sophisticated experimental techniques are applied to
characterize the performance of materials and to design and
optimize structures in different fields of engineering
applications.
This book presents the developments in engineering design
application. The chapters on mechanical, materials, computer and
process engineering provide the foundation for the design and
development of improved structures, materials and processes. They
present alternatives with cost reduction and environmental demands.
The book content links the interaction of classical engineering
with the health, medical and environmental sector.
This book describes common applied problems that are solved with
the use of digital technology. The digital technology has
simplified most of our daily activities. Technology has been
improving our quality of life where human capability alone is
insufficient enough to be utilized. For any challenging tasks,
digital technology helps to solve it in very efficient ways and
thousands of them are solved on a daily basis without much notice
in the public. Software and IT technology let us to complete tasks
in just a moment that took days without this technical support. In
that sense, this book presents several examples on how
software- and IT-based solutions were successfully applied in
solving actual engineering problems.
This book treats the mechanical behavior of one-dimensional
sandwich structures, a typicaloncept in the context of lightweight
design. Such structures are composed of different constituent
(e.g., layers) in order to achieve overall properties, which
are better than for a single component alone. This book covers the
basic mechanical load cases, i.e., tension/compression,
bending, and shear. Based on this knowledge, different
failure modes, i.e., plastic yielding, and global and local
instabilities are investigated. In addition, an introduction to
classic optimization problems, i.e., the formulation of an
objective function (e.g., the weight of a structure) and
corresponding restrictions, is included. The consideration here is
limited to one- or two-dimensional design spaces, i.e., with
a maximum of two design variables. For such simple cases, the
minimum of the objective function can often be determined using
analytical or graphical methods.
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