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1 In a number of recent presentations - most notably at FME'96
-oneofthe foremost scientists in the ?eld of formal methods, C.A.R.
Hoare, has highlighted the fact that formal methods are not the
only technique for producing reliable software. This seems to have
caused some controversy, not least amongst formal methods
practitioners. How can one of the founding fathers of formal
methods seemingly denounce the ?eld of research after over a
quarter of a century of support? This is a question that has been
posed recently by some formal methods skeptics. However, Prof.
Hoare has not abandoned formal methods. He is reiterating, 2
albeitmoreradically, his1987view
thatmorethanonetoolandnotationwillbe requiredinthepractical,
industrialdevelopmentoflarge-scalecomplexcomputer systems; and not
all of these tools and notations will be, or even need be, formal
in nature. Formalmethods arenotasolution,
butratheroneofaselectionoftechniques that have proven to be useful
in the development of reliable complex systems, and to result in
hardware and software systems that can be produced on-time and
within a budget, while satisfying the stated requirements. After
almostthree decades, the time has come to view formalmethods in the
context of overall industrial-scale system development, and their
relationship to
othertechniquesandmethods.Weshouldnolongerconsidertheissueofwhether
we are "pro-formal" or "anti-formal," but rather the degree of
formality (if any) that we need to support in system development.
This is a goal of ZUM'98, the 11th International Conference of Z
Users, held for the ?rst time within continental Europe in the city
of Berlin, Germany.
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