The history of life is a nearly four billion year old story of transformative change. This change ranges from dramatic macroscopic innovations such as the evolution of wings or eyes, to a myriad of molecular changes that form the basis of macroscopic innovations. We are familiar with many examples of innovations (qualitatively new phenotypes that can provide a critical advantage) but have no systematic understanding of the principles that allow organisms to innovate. This book proposes several such principles as the basis of a theory of innovation, integrating recent knowledge about complex molecular phenotypes with more traditional Darwinian thinking. Central to the book are genotype networks: vast sets of connected genotypes that exist in metabolism and regulatory circuitry, as well as in protein and RNA molecules. The theory can successfully unify innovations that occur at different levels of organization. It captures known features of biological innovation, including the fact that many innovations occur multiple times independently, and that they combine existing parts of a system to new purposes. It also argues that environmental change is important to create biological systems that are both complex and robust, and shows how such robustness can facilitate innovation. Beyond that, the theory can reconcile neutralism and selectionism, as well as explain the role of phenotypic plasticity, gene duplication, recombination, and cryptic variation in innovation. Finally, its principles can be applied to technological innovation, and thus open to human engineering endeavours the powerful principles that have allowed life's spectacular success.

This book is the first to comprehensively cover research methods for building occupant behavior. As this is of growing importance for building design and for building performance optimization, the book aims to provide a sound scientific basis for experimental studies in this field. It introduces the reader to fundamental questions about the topic and unfolds the different fields related to occupant actions and comfort. This is followed by more general questions about developing an appropriate research method and experimental design. A comprehensive overview of sensors for monitoring environmental and also behavioral and action-related quantities helps to set up an experiment. In this context, different experimental environments and data collection methods (in-situ, laboratories, surveys) are introduced and discussed in terms of their suitability for the respective research question. Furthermore, data management and reporting is addressed. The book concludes with fundamental challenges in conducting occupant studies, with chapters on ground truth, ethics and privacy.

Competing representations of the former East German state in the German cultural memory. Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the consequences of the country's divided past continue to be debated. The legacy of the German Democratic Republic occupies a major role in German popular culture, with audiences flocking to films claiming to depict the East German state "as it was." Politicians from both left and right make use of its legacy to support their parties' approach to unification, while former citizens of the GDR are still working through their own memories of the regime and adjusting to unification. Since 1989, competing representations of the East German state have emerged, some underlining its repressive nature, others lamenting the loss of asense of community. The twentieth anniversary of the Wende is an occasion to reflect upon both the history of the GDR and the ways in which it has been remembered, and the present volume presents new research on the theme from a variety of perspectives, with sections on film and literature, museums and memorials, and historiography and politics. Contributors: Thomas Ahbe, Pertti Ahonen, Silke Arnold-de Simine, Stefan Berger, Laura Bradley, Mary Fulbrook, Nick Hodgin, Anna O'Driscoll, Stuart Parkes, Caroline Pearce, Gunter Schlusche, Peter Thompson, Andreas Wagner. Nick Hodgin is a Cultural Historian working at the University of Sheffield, UK, and Caroline Pearce is Lecturer in German and Interpreting, also at the University of Sheffield.

Research into the Hebrew Bible, Ancient Near East, Philosophy and History have long considered whether thought in the cultural area of the ancient Middle East differs from that in the western Mediterranean. The inclusion of neurobiology, psychology, brain research and evolutionary research will widen this horizon and allow new approaches. This volume provides in depth insides into this Archaeology of Mind in 22 contributions.

Sustainability Sustainability is to become the guiding principle of social action and economic activity. At the same time, its ways and means are far from clear. As a holistic praxis, sustainability must combine technical and material as well as social, economic, ecological and also ethical strategies, which have multiple complex interactions and all too often also conflicting goals and priorities. In no other field can these be better observed, addressed and influenced than in architecture and building. "Building Better – Less – Different" Each volume of "Building Better – Less – Different" details two fundamental areas of sustainability and explores their specific dynamics and interactions. After introductory overviews, innovative methods and current developments are described and analysed in in-depth essays, international case studies and pointed commentaries. The sustainability criteria of efficiency ("better"), sufficiency ("less") and consistency ("different") form the framework for each book. What the press say about the first volume "Circular Construction and Circular Economy" "The articles, case studies and commentaries in this book make a major contribution to advancing the current discourse on implementing circular-based economic models in the building sector." Hessian Chamber of Architects, book reviews "To think of tomorrow when building today is the core message that Dirk E. Hebel and Felix Heisel want to convey to their readers. … And they also show us how: with the help of relevant examples, grouped under the headings ‘better’, ‘less’ and ‘different’, they demonstrate concrete applications and argue that circular construction can also benefit the construction industry…" architektur aktuell Clean energy transition It has long been common knowledge that energy and sustainability are closely interlinked. And yet we are witnessing a profound shift in the sector. While the earlier focus was on improving energy efficiency and increasing the proportion of renewable energy in buildings, current energy conservation policies are supporting a broader, more holistic view. This encompasses integral approaches in which building design and construction measures form part of the energy concept from the outset, as well as accounting for grey energy in building materials and a holistic evaluation of buildings over their entire life cycle. For the energy-intensive and emission-producing building sector, climate change presents an even greater challenge than conserving resources. How can we contribute to a shift in heating strategies and employ new technologies to achieve climate-neutral heating? How can we respond to rising temperatures and the risk of increased energy consumption for cooling? Can low-tech concepts help to reduce the environmental impact of buildings over their life cycle? Shouldn’t we take greater account of the users of buildings, and do we need completely different energy supply strategies? Digital Transformation At a time of natural ubiquity of digital tools, widely adopted to streamline project delivery in architecture, the foundations have been laid for a profound transformation of the construction industry to address the climate crisis. Digital architectural design and construction methods can be used as enabling technologies for a fundamental change towards a circular construction approach with significantly reduced ecological and climate impact. This approach comprises a digital reinterpretation of natural building materials through digital construction technologies. Digital deconstruction and reuse strategies can transform the existing building stock into resources for the future. Mass customization of tailor-made building components minimizes resource consumption. Architects, in their emerging role as interdisciplinary interface and digital master builders, reunite design and making through digital craft. Finally, the book provides a glimpse into the potential future of construction, which might be characterized by fundamentally different concepts of design and materialization of our built environment, challenging current paradigms within our discipline.

'This is a wonderful, mind-expanding book. Prepare to be surprised, enlightened and awed as Wagner reveals the sources of human and natural creativity.' - Alice Roberts In Darwin's survival of the fittest, each step must be uphill as life progresses towards an evolutionary peak. There is no turning back. So what happens when life needs to cross a valley in the wilds of an adaptive landscape to reach the highest summit? World-renowned biologist Andreas Wagner reveals that life does not only walk - it also leaps. Drawing on pioneering research, Wagner explores life's creative process and how it bears a striking resemblance to how we humans work. A beguiling symmetry links Picasso struggling through forty versions of Guernica and the way evolution transformed a dinosaur's claw into a condor's wing. This new understanding is already revolutionising our approach to problem-solving across the sciences. In the near future, applied in spheres as diverse as the economy and education, it will enable us to do so much more. Life Finds a Way is a thought-provoking and deeply hopeful look at the force that shapes our world.

Images of the body in ancient Near Eastern civilizations are radically different from body images today, which in turn creates significant consequences for our understanding of the biblical notion of God's human shape and the frequent and widespread misconceptions therein. Andreas Wagner illuminates such frequent and widespread misconceptions, and reveals the sometimes distant pictorial world of ancient body images. He contrasts these with contemporary models and makes the matter of the Old Testament concept of God's human form accessible and clear. Wagner begins by introducing readers to aspects of anthropomorphism, the study of body parts, and Israel's basic understanding of the human body. He then turns specifically to the body of God, analysing why and how certain body parts are emphasized or regularly employed in the biblical text when it tries to describe God. Wagner draws out the theological aspects of the ways in which God's body is described as well as considering the diverse range of ancient Near Eastern perspectives on God, and the ways in which ancient cultures constructed and understood deities. Wagner concludes by looking at how the depiction of God in the Old Testament fits with the concept of mankind made in God's image. Enhanced by over fifty illustrations, God's Body will lead the debate in biblical anthropomorphism for years to come.

The history of life is a nearly four billion year old story of transformative change. This change ranges from dramatic macroscopic innovations such as the evolution of wings or eyes, to a myriad of molecular changes that form the basis of macroscopic innovations. We are familiar with many examples of innovations (qualitatively new phenotypes that can provide a critical benefit) but have no systematic understanding of the principles that allow organisms to innovate. This book proposes several such principles as the basis of a theory of innovation, integrating recent knowledge about complex molecular phenotypes with more traditional Darwinian thinking. Central to the book are genotype networks: vast sets of connected genotypes that exist in metabolism and regulatory circuitry, as well as in protein and RNA molecules. The theory can successfully unify innovations that occur at different levels of organization. It captures known features of biological innovation, including the fact that many innovations occur multiple times independently, and that they combine existing parts of a system to new purposes. It also argues that environmental change is important to create biological systems that are both complex and robust, and shows how such robustness can facilitate innovation. Beyond that, the theory can reconcile neutralism and selectionism, as well as explain the role of phenotypic plasticity, gene duplication, recombination, and cryptic variation in innovation. Finally, its principles can be applied to technological innovation, and thus open to human engineering endeavours the powerful principles that have allowed life's spectacular success.

Die Autorin zeichnet die Wohlfahrtsentwicklung der breiten Bevolkerung in Deutschland in der Zwischenkriegszeit im Vergleich zur Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den funfziger Jahren nach. Folgende Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt: Wie veranderte sich die Wohlfahrt im Gesamtzeitraum sowie in den einzelnen Teilperioden? Welche Rolle spielten dabei Veranderungen der verschiedenen Komponenten des Lebensstandards? Wie lasst sich die deutsche Entwicklung wahrend dieses Zeitraumes im internationalen Vergleich verorten? Welche regionalen Disparitaten traten in der Entwicklung des Lebensstandards auf und wie veranderte er sich, wenn die Ungleichheit zwischen den Geschlechtern berucksichtigt wird? Dazu wird ein in der historischen Lebensstandard-Forschung bisher nicht benutztes Instrumentarium innovativ eingesetzt, das einen konsistenten Vergleich uber die lange Periode hinweg ermoglicht. Als Referenzmass wird der Human Development Index (HDI) verwendet, der sich aus den drei Wohlfahrtskomponenten Gesundheit/Lebensdauer, Bildung und Zugang zu Ressourcen zusammensetzt. Zur angemessenen Erfassung der historischen und deutschlandsspezifischen Aspekte wurde das Messinstrument HDI angepasst und weiterentwickelt."

All living things are remarkably complex, yet their DNA is unstable, undergoing countless random mutations over generations. Despite this instability, most animals do not grow two heads or die, plants continue to thrive, and bacteria continue to divide. "Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems" tackles this perplexing paradox. The book explores why genetic changes do not cause organisms to fail catastrophically and how evolution shapes organisms' robustness. Andreas Wagner looks at this problem from the ground up, starting with the alphabet of DNA, the genetic code, RNA, and protein molecules, moving on to genetic networks and embryonic development, and working his way up to whole organisms. He then develops an evolutionary explanation for robustness.

Wagner shows how evolution by natural selection preferentially finds and favors robust solutions to the problems organisms face in surviving and reproducing. Such robustness, he argues, also enhances the potential for future evolutionary innovation. Wagner also argues that robustness has less to do with organisms having plenty of spare parts (the redundancy theory that has been popular) and more to do with the reality that mutations can change organisms in ways that do not substantively affect their fitness.

Unparalleled in its field, this book offers the most detailed analysis available of all facets of robustness within organisms. It will appeal not only to biologists but also to engineers interested in the design of robust systems and to social scientists concerned with robustness in human communities and populations.

The change in the "type of religion" in ancient Israel from the time of Exile to the post-exilic period, which was paralleled by and connected with the creation of a canon, has been the subject of various research studies in religious history. It is the purpose of the present volume of collected papers to examine whether and how the categories of "Primary and secondary religion" developed by T. Sundermeier and J. Assmann can be used to describe this change. The volume combines contributions from various disciplines (Theology/Old Testament Studies, Egyptology, Ancient Oriental Studies, Classical Studies and Religious Studies).

For readers of Hofstadter's Goedel, Escher, Bach, a fascinating look at the hidden meaning in matter What can a fingernail tell us about the mysteries of creation? In one sense, a nail is merely a hunk of mute matter, yet in another, it's an information superhighway quite literally at our fingertips. Every moment, streams of molecular signals direct our cells to move, flatten, swell, shrink, divide, or die. Andreas Wagner's ambitious new book explores this hidden web of unimaginably complex interactions in every living being. In the process, he unveils a host of paradoxes underpinning our understanding of modern biology, contradictions he considers gatekeepers at the frontiers of knowledge. Though we tend to think of concepts in such mutually exclusive pairs as mind-matter, self-other, and nature-nurture, Wagner argues that these opposing ideas are not actually separate. Indeed, they are as inextricably connected as the two sides of a coin. Through a tour of modern biological marvels, Wagner illustrates how this paradoxical tension has a profound effect on the way we define the world around us. Paradoxical Life is thus not only a unique account of modern biology. It ultimately serves a radical-and optimistic-outlook for humans and the world we help create.

Dieses Buch beschreibt die notwendigen Methoden fur Planung, Entwicklung und Anwendung photovoltaischer Anlagen im Inselbetrieb, zur Netzeinspeisung oder mit Nachfuhrung. Die funfte Auflage dieses anerkannten Werkes liefert Methoden und Planungshilfen fur die Dimensionierung photovoltaischer Komponenten unter realitatsnahen Bedingungen. Der Autor befasst sich ausfuhrlich mit photovoltaischen Inselsystemen, der Qualitatskontrolle vor Ort und der Energie-Ertragsprognose von photovoltaischen Systemen zur Netzeinspeisung. Einstrahlungsdaten fur etwa 500 Stadte in 140 Landern aller Kontinente, darunter auch fur alle Bundesstaaten der USA, machen das Buch zu einem wertvollen Begleiter fur alle Anlagenplaner und -betreiber der Photovoltaik.

Images of the body in ancient Near Eastern civilizations are radically different from body images today, which in turn creates significant consequences for our understanding of the biblical notion of God's human shape and the frequent and widespread misconceptions therein. Andreas Wagner illuminates such frequent and widespread misconceptions, and reveals the sometimes distant pictorial world of ancient body images. He contrasts these with contemporary models and makes the matter of the Old Testament concept of God's human form accessible and clear. Wagner begins by introducing readers to aspects of anthropomorphism, the study of body parts, and Israel's basic understanding of the human body. He then turns specifically to the body of God, analysing why and how certain body parts are emphasized or regularly employed in the biblical text when it tries to describe God. Wagner draws out the theological aspects of the ways in which God's body is described as well as considering the diverse range of ancient Near Eastern perspectives on God, and the ways in which ancient cultures constructed and understood deities. Wagner concludes by looking at how the depiction of God in the Old Testament fits with the concept of mankind made in God's image. Enhanced by over fifty illustrations, God's Body will lead the debate in biblical anthropomorphism for years to come.

Band II In einer sich rasant verandernden Welt sieht sich die Automobilindustrie fast taglichmit neuen Herausforderungen konfrontiert: Der problematischer werdende Rufdes Dieselmotors, verunsicherte Verbraucher durch die in der Berichterstattungvermischte Thematik der Stickoxid- und Feinstaubemissionen, zunehmendeKonkurrenz bei Elektroantrieben durch neue Wettbewerber, die immer schwierigerwerdende oeffentlichkeitswirksame Darstellung, dass ein grosser Unterschiedzwischen Prototypen, Kleinserien und einer wirklichen Grossserienproduktion besteht.Dazu kommen noch die Fragen, wann die mit viel finanziellem Einsatz entwickeltenalternativen Antriebsformen tatsachlich einen Return of Invest erbringen, wer dienotwendige Ladeinfrastruktur fur eine Massenmarkttauglichkeit der Elektromobilitatbauen und finanzieren wird und wie sich das alles auf die Arbeitsplatzeauswirken wird.Fur die Automobilindustrie ist es jetzt wichtiger denn je, sich den Herausforderungenaktiv zu stellen und innovative Loesungen unter Beibehaltung des hohenQualitatsanspruchs der OEMs in Serie zu bringen. Die Hauptthemen sind hierbei,die Elektromobilitat mit hoeheren Energiedichten und niedrigeren Kosten der Batterienvoranzutreiben und eine wirklich ausreichende standardisierte und zukunftssichereLadeinfrastruktur darzustellen, aber auch den Entwicklungspfad zum schadstofffreienund CO2-neutralen Verbrennungsmotor konsequent weiter zu gehen. Auch dasautomatisierte Fahren kann hier hilfreich sein, weil das Fahrzeugverhalten dann -im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes - kalkulierbarer wird.Dabei ist es fur die etablierten Automobilhersteller strukturell nicht immer einfach,mit der rasanten Veranderungsgeschwindigkeit mitzuhalten. Hier haben Start-upseinen grossen Vorteil: Ihre Organisationsstruktur erlaubt es, frische, unkonventionelleIdeen zugig umzusetzen und sehr flexibel zu reagieren. Schon heute werdenStart-ups gezielt gefoerdert, um neue Loesungen im Bereich von Komfort, Sicherheit,Effizienz und neuen Kundenschnittstellen zu finden. Neue Loesungsansatze,gepaart mit Investitionskraft und Erfahrungen, bieten neue Chancen auf dem Weg derElektromobilitat, der Zukunft des Verbrennungsmotors und ganz allgemein fur dasAuto der Zukunft.

Nachhaltigkeit ist heute zur alles übergreifenden Leitlinie gesellschaftlichen Handelns geworden, doch zugleich sind ihre Mittel und Wege alles andere als eindeutig klar. Aus ihrem ganzheitlichen Verständnis heraus muss Nachhaltigkeit technisch-materielle, soziale, ökonomische, ökologische als auch ethische Strategien vereinen, zwischen denen es komplexe Wechselwirkungen und oft genug auch Ziel- und Prioritätskonflikte gibt. In keinem anderen Bereich lassen sich diese Zusammenhänge besser verstehen, darstellen und beeinflussen als im Bauwesen. „Besser – Weniger – Anders Bauen" greift in jedem Band zwei Bereiche von Nachhaltigkeit auf, deren Wechselwirkungen besonders wichtig und zugleich besonders gut zu erfassen sind. Nach einführenden Überblicksdarstellungen werden für jeden Bereich etablierte Methoden, aktuelle Entwicklungen und akute Konfliktfelder beschrieben, analysiert und an internationalen Fallbeispielen im Detail dargestellt. Dies geschieht anhand der Nachhaltigkeitskriterien von Effizienz („besser"), Suffizienz („weniger") und Konsistenz („anders"). Stimmen zum ersten Band „Kreislaufgerechtes Bauen und Kreislaufwirtschaft" „Die Beiträge, Fallstudien und Kommentare helfen, die Diskussion zur Umsetzung kreislaufbasierter Wirtschaftsmodelle im Baubereich voranzutreiben." Architektenkammer Hessen, Fachliteratur „Beim Bauen von Neuem bereits das Morgen mitdenken ist einer der zentralen Denkanstöße, die Dirk E. Hebel und Felix Heisel in ihrem Buch den LeserInnen mit auf den Weg geben. … Wie das gehen kann, wird unter den Vorzeichen ‚Besser‘, ‚Weniger‘ und ‚Anders‘ anschaulich anhand konkreter Beispiele vorgeführt, nicht zuletzt auch der Aspekt, wie kreislaufgerechtes Bauen als Mehrwert für die Bauwirtschaft funktionieren könnte …" architektur aktuell Energiewende Als selbstverständlich erscheint die schon lange bestehende Verbindung zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Energie. Und doch vollzieht sich darin gerade ein tiefgreifender Wandel. Ging es bisher in erster Linie um Energieeffizienz und den Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger am Gebäude, so unterstützen nun politische Vorgaben zum Energieverbrauch eine ganzheitlichere Betrachtung. Diese beginnt mit integralen Ansätzen, bei denen der Gebäudeentwurf und konstruktive Maßnahmen bereits Teil des Energiekonzepts werden, und führt über die Erfassung der grauen Energie in Baumaterialien bis zur ganzheitlichen Bewertung von Gebäuden über deren gesamten Lebenszyklus. Noch stärker als die Ressourcenfrage stellt heute der Klimawandel die Hauptherausforderung für den energiehungrigen und emissionsintensiven Sektor Gebäude dar. Wie können wir die Wärmewende besser gestalten und mit verbesserten technologischen Ansätzen klimaneutral heizen? Wie begegnen wir den steigenden Temperaturen und der Gefahr eines damit zunehmenden Energieverbrauchs zum Kühlen? Ist auch mit einfacheren Gesamtkonzepten eine geringere Umweltbelastung von Gebäuden über den gesamten Lebenszyklus zu erreichen? Müssen nicht die Nutzer von Gebäuden stärker berücksichtigt werden, und braucht es ganz andere Energieversorgungsstrategien? Digitale Transformation Digitale Werkzeuge sind heute allgegenwärtig und werden weithin für eine effizientere Projektentwicklung in der Architektur eingesetzt. Damit ist der Grundstein für eine tiefgreifende Transformation der Baubranche zur Bewältigung der Klimakrise gelegt. Digitale architektonische Entwurfs- und Konstruktionsmethoden lassen sich als Basistechnologien für einen grundlegenden Wandel hin zu einem kreislauforientierten Bauwesen mit deutlich geringeren Auswirkungen auf Umwelt und Klima nutzen. Dazu gehört eine digitale Neuinterpretation natürlicher Baustoffe mittels digitaler Bautechnologien. Mithilfe digitaler Rückbau- und Wiederverwendungsstrategien lässt sich der Gebäudebestand in Ressourcen für die Zukunft verwandeln. Die Massenindividualisierung maßgeschneiderter Bauteile minimiert den Ressourcenverbrauch. In ihrer neuen Rolle als interdisziplinäre Vermittler und digitale Baumeister vereinen Architekten Entwurf und Fertigung durch digitale Expertise. Darüber hinaus gibt das Buch Einblicke in die mögliche Zukunft des Bauens, in der grundlegend andere Konzepte von Gestaltung und Materialisierung unserer gebauten Umwelt die jetzt herrschenden Paradigmen unserer Fachdisziplin in Frage stellen.