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This book is unique in its kind. It is the first scholarly work to
attempt a comprehensive and fairly detailed look into the lingering
legacies of the communist totalitarian modes of thought and
expression in the new discourse forms of the post-totalitarian era.
The book gives also new and interesting insights into the ways the
new, presumably democratically-minded political elites in
post-totalitarian Eastern Europe, Russia, and China manipulate
language to serve their own political and economic agendas. The
book consists of ten discrete discussions, nine case-studies or
chapters and an introduction. Chapter 1 discusses patterns of
continuity and change in the conceptual apparatus and linguistic
habits of political science and sociology practiced in the Czech
Republic before and after 1989. Chapter 2 analyzes lingering
effects of communist propaganda language in the political discourse
and behavior in post-communist Poland. Chapter 3 analyzes the
legacy of Soviet semantics in post-Soviet Moldovan politics through
the prism of such politically contested words as "democracy,"
"democratization," and "people." Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the way
in which communist patterns of thought and expression manifest
themselves in the new political discourse in Romania and Bulgaria,
respectively. Chapter 6 examines phenomena of change and continuity
in the socio-linguistic and socio-political scene of post-Soviet
Latvia. Chapter 7 analyzes the extent to which the language of the
post-communist Romanian media differs from the official language of
the communist era. Chapter 8 examines the evolution of Russian
official discourse since the late eighties with a view of showing
"whether or not new phenomena in the evolution of post-Soviet
discourse represent new development or just a mutation of the
value-orientations of the old Soviet ideological apparatus."
Chapter 9 gives a detailed and lucid account of the evolution of
both official and non-official discourse in China since the end of
the Mao era.
Latvia is located on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. After a
brief period of independence between the two World Wars, Latvia was
annexed by the USSR in 1940. It reestablished its independence in
1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union. Although the last
Russian troops left in 1994. Latvia continues to revamp its economy
for eventual integration into various Western European political
and economic institutions. Since May 2004 Latvia is a member of the
European Union. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of
Latvia contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an
extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 500
cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics,
economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an
excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to
know more about Latvia.
Located on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, Latvia did not
emerge as an independent country until the twentieth century,
having been occupied at different times in the past by its larger
neighbors: Russia, Germany, Poland, and Sweden. In 1993, Latvia
held its first parliamentary election and elected its first
president after 50 years of a Communist dictatorship. With the
entrance of Latvia in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and
the European Union in 2004, the "post-Communist" era appears to be
over. The A to Z of Latvia details the changes the country has
undergone since the liberation of the country from the U.S.S.R. and
tells the turbulent history of Latvia through a chronology, an
introductory essay, a bibliography, an appendix, and several
hundred cross-referenced dictionary entries on important persons,
places, and events.
This collection of essays covers most of the important topics in
the field of family history, assesses the state of the art, and
stresses the themes that will continue to generate interest in the
future. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library
uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available
previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of
Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original
texts of these important books while presenting them in durable
paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy
Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage
found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University
Press since its founding in 1905.
This is the first English-language volume that brings the history
of Latvia to the threshold of the twenty-first century. Until the
re-establishment of Latvian independence in 1991, Soviet dominance
served for nearly fifty years to hinder publication of any complete
and objective historical record of the region. Plakans now places
the evolution and formation of the Latvian nation in a balanced,
historical framework that stretches from the early medieval period
to the present.
This collection of essays covers most of the important topics in
the field of family history, assesses the state of the art, and
stresses the themes that will continue to generate interest in the
future. Originally published in 1989. The Princeton Legacy Library
uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available
previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of
Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original
texts of these important books while presenting them in durable
paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy
Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage
found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University
Press since its founding in 1905.
A quarter century after the formation of the Popular Front and a
decade since joining the EU, processes of state- and
nation-building in Latvia are still on-going. Issues such as
citizenship, language policy, minority rights, democratic
legitimacy, economic stability, and security all remain objects of
vigorous public discussion. The current situation also reflects
longer-standing debates on the relationship between state, nation,
and sovereignty in Latvian society and polity. By examining
different aspects of these relationships, this volume aims to
reveal both key turning points and continuities in Latvia's
development, thereby helping to inform current debates.
In the course of World War II, the Republic of Latvia was occupied
and annexed by the USSR in June of 1940. A year of sovietization
was followed by four years of another occupation (1944-1945)- this
time by the army of Hitler's Third Reich. After Germany's defeat,
the Soviet occupation returned, lasting for the next forty-five
years. The book is a documentary history of the presence of these
two totalitarian "great powers" on Latvia's soil, the
administrations they created, the policies they implemented, and
the institutions of control they developed. Containing some
previously published documents (mostly concerning the German
occupation), the bulk of the collection consists of the
English-language translations of documents from the much longer
Soviet period. The latter ended up in the national archives of
Latvia after the collapse of the USSR and the renewal of Latvian
independence. A particularly noteworthy component of the Soviet-era
documents are the internal reports (often marked "top secret") of
the Soviet-era Latvian KGB, the internal memoranda of the Central
Committee of the Latvian Communist Party, and the correspondence
between the Latvian Party and its Moscow superiors. The subjects
covered include the behavior of the Soviet army on Latvian soil,
the sovietization of the Latvian economy, control over churches,
punishment of dissidents, dealing with the Latvian emigre
community, the treatment of the so-called "national communists,"
and the successful drive for independence from 1987 onward.
The Baltic region is frequently neglected in broader histories of
Europe and its international significance can be obscured by
separate treatments of the various Baltic states. With this
wide-ranging survey, Andrejs Plakans presents an integrated history
of three Baltic peoples - Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians - and
draws out the common threads to show how it has been shaped by
their location in a strategically desirable corner of Europe.
Subordinated in turn by Baltic German landholders, the Polish
nobility and gentry, and then by Russian and Soviet administrators,
the three nations have nevertheless kept their distinctive
identities - significantly retaining three separate languages in an
ethnically diverse region. The book traces the countries' evolution
from their ninth-century tribal beginnings to their present status
as three thriving and separate nation states, focusing particularly
on the region's complex twentieth-century history, which culminated
in the eventual re-establishment of national sovereignty after
1991.
The Baltic region is frequently neglected in broader histories of
Europe and its international significance can be obscured by
separate treatments of the various Baltic states. With this
wide-ranging survey, Andrejs Plakans presents an integrated history
of three Baltic peoples - Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians - and
draws out the common threads to show how it has been shaped by
their location in a strategically desirable corner of Europe.
Subordinated in turn by Baltic German landholders, the Polish
nobility and gentry, and then by Russian and Soviet administrators,
the three nations have nevertheless kept their distinctive
identities - significantly retaining three separate languages in an
ethnically diverse region. The book traces the countries' evolution
from their ninth-century tribal beginnings to their present status
as three thriving and separate nation states, focusing particularly
on the region's complex twentieth-century history, which culminated
in the eventual re-establishment of national sovereignty after
1991.
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