Sixteen reference buildings have been defined by the U.S. Department of Energy, and created as EnergyPlus input files, for use in assessing new technologies and supporting the development of energy codes in pursuing building energy efficiency improvements. Infiltration rates in the EnergyPlus models of the reference buildings were input as constant airflow rates, and not calculated based on established building airflow theory. In order to support more physically-based airflow calculations, as well as indoor air quality analysis, models of the 16 reference buildings were created in the multizone airflow and contaminant transport program CONTAM. A number of additional inputs had to be defined for the CONTAM models, and changes in the interior zoning were required, to more realistically account for airflow. Annual airflow and contaminant simulations were performed in CONTAM for six of the buildings. While the assumed infiltration rates in EnergyPlus do not realistically reflect impacts of weather conditions, there are clear relationships between the outdoor air change rates calculated by CONTAM and weather. In addition, the envelope airtightness values assumed in either approach are seen to have a major impact on the air change rates. Contaminant analyses were performed for occupant-generated carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds from indoor sources, outdoor particulate matter, and outdoor ozone. The airflow and contaminant calculation results provide a useful baseline for subsequent use of these models to investigate approaches to building ventilation and other technologies that are intended to simultaneously reduce building energy consumption while maintaining or improving indoor air quality.

A retrofit study is being conducted to investigate the airtightness, ventilation and energy impacts of tightening the exterior envelope and the heating and air conditioning system ductwork of a double section manufactured house. This report describes the results of the pre-retrofit assessment of building airtightness, ventilation, and energy consumption under both heating and cooling conditions. After the pre-retrofit data collection was finished, the house underwent retrofits to tighten the building envelope and to reduce ventilation system duct leakage. After completion of the retrofits, post-retrofit data was collected. This report presents the results of the pre-retrofit measurements and a description of the retrofits.