Interrogates the development of the world's first international courts of humanitarian justice and the subsequent "liberation" of nearly two hundred thousand Africans in the nineteenth century. In 1807, Britain and the United States passed legislation limiting and ultimately prohibiting the transoceanic slave trade. As world powers negotiated anti-slave-trade treaties thereafter, British, Portuguese, Spanish, Brazilian,French, and US authorities seized ships suspected of illegal slave trading, raided slave barracoons, and detained newly landed slaves. The judicial processes in a network of the world's first international courts of humanitarian justice not only resulted in the "liberation" of nearly two hundred thousand people but also generated an extensive archive of documents. Liberated Africans and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1807-1896 makes use of theserecords to illuminate the fates of former slaves, many of whom were released from bondage only to be conscripted into extended periods of indentured servitude. Essays in this collection explore a range of topics relatedto those often referred to as "Liberated Africans"-a designation that, the authors show, should be met with skepticism. Contributors share an emphasis on the human consequences for Africans of the abolitionist legislation. The collection is deeply comparative, looking at conditions in British colonies such as Sierra Leone, the Gambia, and the Cape Colony as well as slave-plantation economies such as Brazil, Cuba, and Mauritius. A groundbreaking intervention in the study of slavery, abolition, and emancipation, this volume will be welcomed by scholars, students, and all who care about the global legacy of slavery.

This reference studies the most recent advances in the development of ocular drug delivery systems. Covering methods to treat or prevent ocular inflammation, retinal vascular disease, retinal degeneration, and proliferative eye disease, this source covers breakthroughs in the management of endophthalmitis, uveitis, diabetic macular edema, and age-related macular degeneration.

This book is an examination of the island of St Helena's involvement in slave trade abolition. After the establishment of a British Vice-Admiralty court there in 1840, this tiny and remote South Atlantic colony became the hub of naval activity in the region. It served as a base for the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron, and as such became the principal receiving depot for intercepted slave ships and their human cargo. During the middle decades of the nineteenth century over 25,000 'recaptive' or 'liberated' Africans were landed at the island. Here, in embryonic refugee camps, these former slaves lived and died, genuine freedom still a distant prospect. This book provides an account and evaluation of this episode. It begins by charting the political contexts which drew St Helena into the fray of abolition, and considers how its involvement, at times, came to occupy those at the highest levels of British politics. In the main, however, it focuses on St Helena itself, and examines how matters played out on the ground. The study utilises documentary sources (many previously untouched) which tell the stories of those whose lives became bound up in the compass of anti-slavery, far from London and long after the Abolition Act of 1807. It puts the Black experience at the foreground, aiming to bring a voice to a forgotten people, many of whom died in limbo, in a place that was physically and conceptually between freedom and slavery.

The Saxon Shore Forts were a late Roman phenomenon built in the 3rd century AD, stretching from Brancaster to Portchester. Based on the author's thesis, this is a detailed study of the construction of eleven forts including an analysis of the provenance and nature of building materials and a discussion of the building process and resources involved. From conception and design, the extraction and transportation of materials, to the actual construction programme' itself, this is a well-written and well-structured study.

The eleven forts constructed by the Romans along the British coast between Branchester in Norfolk and Portchester in Hampshire have traditionally been referred to as the 'Forts of the Saxon Shore'. However, recent research suggests that these sites may have served as military ports rather then as a coherent defensive system to deter barbarian invaders. In this rounded study of the subject, Andrew Pearson draws on all the latest evidence available. After looking at the surviving monuments themselves, he describes how, in the third century AD, they came to be built and how they fitted into the overall Roman coastal system. He then goes on to examine the construction process itself, calculating the demand for raw materials, transport and manpower, and demonstrates how these requirements could have been met. Key to Dr. Pearson's interpretation of the primary purpose of the forts is an assessment of the third-century coastline. The physical setting of each monument in relation to the sea has greatly changed since the Roman period: today only Portchester retains a situation similar to that of ancient times. The author also examines how the forts were occupied and the part they played in their local, regional and provincial economies. Finally, he charts their decline and eventual disuse in the late fourth and early fifth centuries.