This open access book explores one of the most fiercely debated issues in China: if and how China will surpass the middle income trap that has plagued many developing countries for years. This book gives readers a clear picture of China today and acts as a reference for other developing countries. China is facing many setbacks and experiencing an economic slowdown in recent years due to some serious issues, and income inequality is one such issue deferring China's development potential by creating a middle income trap. This book thoroughly investigates both the unpromising factors and favorable conditions for China to overcome the trap. It illustrates that traps may be encountered at any stage of development and argues that political stability is the prerequisite to creating a favorable environment for economic development and addressing this "middle income trap". Written by one of China's central planners, this book offers precious insights into the industrial policies that are transforming China and the world and will be of interest to China scholars, economists and political scientists.

This book elaborates on how China's previous leaders established, consolidated, developed and improved China's basic modern governance system. It also explores and discusses how to correctly, objectively and scientifically perceive, evaluate and promote the modernization of China's state governance and its capacity. Using detailed and accurate data and extensive background information, this book analyzes the changing history and future perspectives of the relationship between China's government and the market, state-owned economy and private economy. Covering an extensive timespan, this comprehensive book includes contributions from Chinese scholars specialized in contemporary China studies discussing the major breakthroughs and decision-making consultations in Chinese development strategies. It also offers insights into the research mechanism and development levels of Chinese think tanks based at research institutes. Last but not least, it sheds light on the democratic advances in the Chinese decision-making process.

This book examines the historical development of China's collective presidency and identifies five key mechanisms which effectively reduce the asymmetries of knowledge and power. The mechanisms discussed are: group or collective succession, collective division of responsibilities and cooperation, collective learning, collective research and collective decision making. This work presents many facts including historical details showing that the collective presidency of China is a unique and prodigious innovation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China's socialist political system. We see how China s political system stands in contrast to the presidential system that exists in the United States, which can be described as a system of personal responsibility of the president. The author identifies characteristics of the collective presidency and introduces a framework for analysis. Chapters then explore the phases of historical development in detail and examine fundamental features in terms of their historical development, operational characteristics and evaluation. The final chapter summarizes the political advantages of collective presidency, particularly international competitive advantages and readers will discover that the route to success for modern China lies in collective presidency. This book will appeal to anyone who wishes to discover how China s political system works, to explore its political institutions that operate in conjunction with the CPC and the Chinese state or to discover how a collective presidency can work successfully."

This book defines China's road towards modernization with Chinese characteristics by systematically examining a typical Chinese political process - the National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), during which diverse opinions are collected and a unified political consensus is formed. The author provides a detailed introduction to the background of and preparations for the 18th National Congress of CPC, as well as his personal experience of it as an attending representative. In addition, the book addresses a key problem, namely how China's leadership handover procedure gradually evolved into the current collective handover procedure, by analyzing its developmental history. The question of "how to implement China's leadership handover" is particularly meaningful, as it reflects the development of China's political system, and is also essential to the CPC flourishing and China's long-term prosperity. The author's personal experiences at the 18th National Congress made it possible to fully investigate the leadership handover procedure between Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.Lastly, the book provides a detailed description of one highlight of the 18th CPC National Congress - the focus on ecological culture and green development - and discusses China's dream and its implications for history and the world.

This book is particularly concerned with China's path to green development and how it can be understood, exploring questions such as how the goal of Chinese-led green development can be achieved. The book provides systematic explanations of the theory of green development, exploring its background, its theoretical basis, the areas it covers, the stages it encompasses and the constraining and favorable factors involved. We see how humankind is at a period of transition from the traditional black industrial civilization to a modern green ecological civilization. The author gives a profound critique of the traditional Western model of development, provides a comprehensive analysis of the crisis and the opportunities presented by green development and depicts the grand goal of green modernization in a creative, bold, forward-looking manner. A three-step strategy to design and promote green development is proposed. Readers will discover why China must become an innovator, practitioner, and leader of green development, and how green planning is an important means to establish green development. The book explores how local governments can become green innovation practitioners, and how enterprises can become the main arena of green development. This book is a creative and innovative work that will appeal to scholars interested in the long-term development of humankind in general and China in particular. It also serves well as a green development textbook, presenting related scientific knowledge and important information for decision-making in a concise, easy-to-understand form.

This book presents the series of lectures on the "Belt and Road Initiatives" from the Guang Ming Forum organized by Guang Ming Daily. Co-authored by Ge Jianxiong, Hu Angang, Lin Yifu, Qiao Liang and nine other respected scholars and experts, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the "Belt and Road Initiatives" and its significance in terms of economics and economic geography, yielding an insightful interpretation of the strategy. It also offers multiple perspectives, including national political, historical, military, diplomatic, cultural, technological and legal.

This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. This book is arranged and developed around the theme of "2050 China," it analyzes the factors and advantages of the Chinese road to socialist modernization, explores and summarizes the development goal and the basic logic of the socialist modernization of China, and further shows the general basis of the primary stage of socialism. According to the report delivered at the 19th Party Congress, and according to the "two-stage" strategic plan, this book looks ahead in detail to the overarching objective and sub-objectives of essentially achieving socialist modernization by 2035, discusses the building of a great modern socialist country in all respects from the perspective of the Party's six-sphere integrated plan of economic, political, cultural, social, ecological civilization, and national defense construction, and provides policy proposals. This book also analyzes the influence and the effect of the socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics on the world and it further presents the third centenary goal. In conclusion, this book is an elaboration of the work of the Institute for Contemporary China Studies, Tsinghua University. It reflects the intellectual innovation in the authors' research on contemporary China, as well as the authors' foresight and predictions about China's future development.

Global climate change is one of the challenges ever to confront humanity with the largest scale, widest scope and most far-reaching influence. As the biggest developing country with the largest population, China is the world's leading consumer of coal and energy, and one of the worst-hit victims of global warming. Consequently, China should assume its responsibility in making contributions to global sustainable development. Based on the principles of fairness and efficiency, this study creatively puts forward two principles of global governance on climate change. The first entails replacement of the two-group schema of developed and developing countries with a four-group model based on the Human Development Index (HDI). The second entails application of the resulting model to specify the major emitters as principal contributors to emission reduction. In addition, it proposes a two-step strategy for China to tackle the issue of climate change. This book makes it clear that China should proactively engage in relevant international cooperation, actively participate in international climate negotiations, make clear commitments to reduce emissions, and assume the obligations of a responsible power to achieve sustainable and green development.

The rapid pace and grand scale of China's rise have produced a heady mixture of wonder and consternation in the West. Is China on track to become a superpower? What would that mean for the rest of the world? Economist Hu Angang approaches these questions through analysis of three major dimensions of China's rise: its overall economic and social development; advances in education, science, and technology (including alternative energy); and the likely complications posed by resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and climate change. After three decades of unprecedented economic growth, China is now home to the world's second-largest economy. It is the world's largest exporter and its second-largest consumer of energy (as well as number one in carbon emissions). Extrapolating from these seismic changes, Hu forecasts that by 2020 China will become a ""mature, responsible, and attractive superpower"" that will contribute, alongside the European Union, to the ""end of the unipolar era dominated by the United States."" China in 2020 presents a native Chinese perspective on the challenges and opportunities that Beijing will face as its global footprint expands. Through a meticulous examination of China's development trajectory, Hu Angang explains how his nation -as the world's largest emerging market -will impact global economic growth, foreign direct investment flows, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. He proposes a comprehensive strategic framework to guide the next stage of China's rise, seeking to maximize the country's positive impact on the world and minimize the negative externalities of its meteoric development.

The Center for China Studies is among China s most influential think-tanks, and its China Studies Reports are read at the highest levels of government. Now for the first time, the most important of these reports is collected in book form in English, providing a fascinating insight into the challenges and opportunities for Chinese development and the government s thinking on economic and social issues.

Including comparative studies with developed and developing nations, analysis of past economic performance and future trends, and effects of demographic shifts such as population ageing and urbanization, this book is an essential collection of research and includes notes made by central party leaders.

Compiled by the founder of the Center for China Studies, one of the country s leading economists, this book is key to understanding Chinese development and the likely future path of government policy.

The Center for China Studies is among China's most influential think-tanks, and its China Studies Reports are read at the highest levels of government. Now for the first time, the most important of these reports is collected in book form in English, providing a fascinating insight into the challenges and opportunities for Chinese development and the government's thinking on economic and social issues.

Including comparative studies with developed and developing nations, analysis of past economic performance and future trends, and effects of demographic shifts such as population ageing and urbanization, this book is an essential collection of research and includes notes made by central party leaders.

Compiled by the founder of the Center for China Studies, one of the country's leading economists, this book is key to understanding Chinese development and the likely future path of government policy.

This is one of the most influential and controversial Chinese studies of the Chinese economy published in recent years. The authors argue strongly that the decentralization that has taken place in China since the 1980s threatens to undermine the future of reform and perhaps even the state itself. They contend that reform has undermined state capacity in China, and that the state's fiscal revenues, as a percentage of GNP, have declined and will continue to decline into the foreseeable future, thereby putting China in the ranks of the least "statist" societies, and weakening the country's ability to mobilize resources for modernization.

Global climate change is one of the challenges ever to confront humanity with the largest scale, widest scope and most far-reaching influence. As the biggest developing country with the largest population, China is the world's leading consumer of coal and energy, and one of the worst-hit victims of global warming. Consequently, China should assume its responsibility in making contributions to global sustainable development. Based on the principles of fairness and efficiency, this study creatively puts forward two principles of global governance on climate change. The first entails replacement of the two-group schema of developed and developing countries with a four-group model based on the Human Development Index (HDI). The second entails application of the resulting model to specify the major emitters as principal contributors to emission reduction. In addition, it proposes a two-step strategy for China to tackle the issue of climate change. This book makes it clear that China should proactively engage in relevant international cooperation, actively participate in international climate negotiations, make clear commitments to reduce emissions, and assume the obligations of a responsible power to achieve sustainable and green development.

This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. This book is arranged and developed around the theme of "2050 China," it analyzes the factors and advantages of the Chinese road to socialist modernization, explores and summarizes the development goal and the basic logic of the socialist modernization of China, and further shows the general basis of the primary stage of socialism. According to the report delivered at the 19th Party Congress, and according to the "two-stage" strategic plan, this book looks ahead in detail to the overarching objective and sub-objectives of essentially achieving socialist modernization by 2035, discusses the building of a great modern socialist country in all respects from the perspective of the Party's six-sphere integrated plan of economic, political, cultural, social, ecological civilization, and national defense construction, and provides policy proposals. This book also analyzes the influence and the effect of the socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics on the world and it further presents the third centenary goal. In conclusion, this book is an elaboration of the work of the Institute for Contemporary China Studies, Tsinghua University. It reflects the intellectual innovation in the authors' research on contemporary China, as well as the authors' foresight and predictions about China's future development.

This is one of the most influential and controversial Chinese studies of the Chinese economy published in recent years. The authors argue strongly that the decentralization that has taken place in China since the 1980s threatens to undermine the future of reform and perhaps even the state itself. They contend that reform has undermined state capacity in China, and that the state's fiscal revenues, as a percentage of GNP, have declined and will continue to decline into the foreseeable future, thereby putting China in the ranks of the least "statist" societies, and weakening the country's ability to mobilize resources for modernization.

This open access book explores one of the most fiercely debated issues in China: if and how China will surpass the middle income trap that has plagued many developing countries for years. This book gives readers a clear picture of China today and acts as a reference for other developing countries. China is facing many setbacks and experiencing an economic slowdown in recent years due to some serious issues, and income inequality is one such issue deferring China's development potential by creating a middle income trap. This book thoroughly investigates both the unpromising factors and favorable conditions for China to overcome the trap. It illustrates that traps may be encountered at any stage of development and argues that political stability is the prerequisite to creating a favorable environment for economic development and addressing this "middle income trap". Written by one of China's central planners, this book offers precious insights into the industrial policies that are transforming China and the world and will be of interest to China scholars, economists and political scientists.

This book presents the series of lectures on the "Belt and Road Initiatives" from the Guang Ming Forum organized by Guang Ming Daily. Co-authored by Ge Jianxiong, Hu Angang, Lin Yifu, Qiao Liang and nine other respected scholars and experts, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the "Belt and Road Initiatives" and its significance in terms of economics and economic geography, yielding an insightful interpretation of the strategy. It also offers multiple perspectives, including national political, historical, military, diplomatic, cultural, technological and legal.

This book defines China's road towards modernization with Chinese characteristics by systematically examining a typical Chinese political process - the National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), during which diverse opinions are collected and a unified political consensus is formed. The author provides a detailed introduction to the background of and preparations for the 18th National Congress of CPC, as well as his personal experience of it as an attending representative. In addition, the book addresses a key problem, namely how China's leadership handover procedure gradually evolved into the current collective handover procedure, by analyzing its developmental history. The question of "how to implement China's leadership handover" is particularly meaningful, as it reflects the development of China's political system, and is also essential to the CPC flourishing and China's long-term prosperity. The author's personal experiences at the 18th National Congress made it possible to fully investigate the leadership handover procedure between Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.Lastly, the book provides a detailed description of one highlight of the 18th CPC National Congress - the focus on ecological culture and green development - and discusses China's dream and its implications for history and the world.

This book elaborates on how China's previous leaders established, consolidated, developed and improved China's basic modern governance system. It also explores and discusses how to correctly, objectively and scientifically perceive, evaluate and promote the modernization of China's state governance and its capacity. Using detailed and accurate data and extensive background information, this book analyzes the changing history and future perspectives of the relationship between China's government and the market, state-owned economy and private economy. Covering an extensive timespan, this comprehensive book includes contributions from Chinese scholars specialized in contemporary China studies discussing the major breakthroughs and decision-making consultations in Chinese development strategies. It also offers insights into the research mechanism and development levels of Chinese think tanks based at research institutes. Last but not least, it sheds light on the democratic advances in the Chinese decision-making process.

This book is particularly concerned with China's path to green development and how it can be understood, exploring questions such as how the goal of Chinese-led green development can be achieved. The book provides systematic explanations of the theory of green development, exploring its background, its theoretical basis, the areas it covers, the stages it encompasses and the constraining and favorable factors involved. We see how humankind is at a period of transition from the traditional black industrial civilization to a modern green ecological civilization. The author gives a profound critique of the traditional Western model of development, provides a comprehensive analysis of the crisis and the opportunities presented by green development and depicts the grand goal of green modernization in a creative, bold, forward-looking manner. A three-step strategy to design and promote green development is proposed. Readers will discover why China must become an innovator, practitioner, and leader of green development, and how green planning is an important means to establish green development. The book explores how local governments can become green innovation practitioners, and how enterprises can become the main arena of green development. This book is a creative and innovative work that will appeal to scholars interested in the long-term development of humankind in general and China in particular. It also serves well as a green development textbook, presenting related scientific knowledge and important information for decision-making in a concise, easy-to-understand form.

This book examines the historical development of China's collective presidency and identifies five key mechanisms which effectively reduce the asymmetries of knowledge and power. The mechanisms discussed are: group or collective succession, collective division of responsibilities and cooperation, collective learning, collective research and collective decision making. This work presents many facts including historical details showing that the collective presidency of China is a unique and prodigious innovation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China's socialist political system. We see how China’s political system stands in contrast to the presidential system that exists in the United States, which can be described as a system of personal responsibility of the president. The author identifies characteristics of the collective presidency and introduces a framework for analysis. Chapters then explore the phases of historical development in detail and examine fundamental features in terms of their historical development, operational characteristics and evaluation. The final chapter summarizes the political advantages of collective presidency, particularly international competitive advantages and readers will discover that the route to success for modern China lies in collective presidency. This book will appeal to anyone who wishes to discover how China’s political system works, to explore its political institutions that operate in conjunction with the CPC and the Chinese state or to discover how a collective presidency can work successfully.

This book is devoted to the analysis of the Six Development Concepts of China titled "Xi Jinping's New Development Philosophy", namely Innovative Development, Coordinated Development, Green Development, Open Development, Sharing Development, and Security Development. The book pursues three major objectives: firstly, to accurately portray the theoretical sources, practical innovation and major contents of these development ideas; secondly, to analyze what are the major relationships among these development ideas and their main common point is "people centered", which is the largest theoretical innovation of this book. Thirdly, through analyzing China's development idea, this book provides development paths, strategy, theories, and practical experiences for other developing countries.