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This book introduces the ethical, philosophical, and social legacy
of the work of Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848), highlighting the
theological element of Bolzano's thought. Bolzano influenced
several key thinkers (primarily Catholic priests) such as Vincenc
Zahradnik, Josef Michael Fesl, Anton Krombholz, Frantisek
Schneider, and their pupils and successors. Zahradnik co-founded an
important professional Czech periodical and created much of modern
Czech theological terminology. Anton Krombholz became an important
representative of Austrian education after 1848, working at the
Vienna Ministry of Education. Based on her previous comprehensive
Czech monograph, the author now highlights other new manuscripts
from Krombholz's literary legacy. She underscores connections
between Bolzano's legacy and the reform movement of the Czech
Catholic clergy, emphasizing that Bolzano's ideas resonated in
Czech Catholic modernism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. Notwithstanding the tumultuous national development of
Czechs and Germans in nineteenth-century Bohemia, Bolzano's
conception of a peaceful coexistence between the two nationalities
in Bohemia very favorably contributed to the preservation of the
unity of the Catholic Church during such ethnically complex times.
The author's theological conception drew upon the works of Jan
Milic Lochman (1922-2004), who, in addition to writing on
contemporary ecumenical themes, also dealt with the spiritual
legacy of the Czech National Revival.
The Bohemian reformer Jan Hus made a substantial and critical
contribution to the development of the medieval church, owing
especially to his views and teachings on Scripture, the church,
faith, conscience, and spirituality. This book offers a
presentation of Hus's theological commitment centered on his
understanding of truth. Lasek and Franklin explore Hus's preaching
ministry and his long-drawn-out legal struggle against charges of
heresy as ethical outworkings of this approach to truth. Central to
this exploration is a new annotated translation of Hus's Appeal to
Jesus Christ as the Supreme Judge against the pope and canon law.
This document was not only a protest against papal power, but
expressed a fundamentally new legal situation: in bypassing canon
law, it essentially represented a personal claim to freedom of
conscience. This unheard-of principle from within the medieval
legal framework preceded other related ecclesiastical and legal
developments by several centuries. The authors argue that Hus's
appeal thus represents a momentous event in church history and
European history as a whole. Due to the historical significance of
his martyrdom and commemoration by many churches throughout Europe,
this book demonstrates that Hus remains an important figure not
only for the study of European history, but also for understanding
contemporary values of Western civilization.
The Hussites' contribution to the transformation of the Czech state
and its influence upon constitutional development were substantial.
Various Hussite factions united over a program known as the Four
Articles of Prague. InThe Four Articles of Prague within the Public
Sphere of Hussite Bohemia, Kamila Veverkova situates the Four
Articles-presented here in a new translation by Angelo Franklin-in
their political and economic context, emphasizing the societal
reforms stimulated by the Hussite theological program. The Hussites
demanded free proclamation of God's word, advocated public
punishment of sins for all estates, rejected the secular rule of
the church, and proclaimed the need to receive communion under both
kinds. With no royal government in the country, the Czech Land Diet
and its appointed administrators exercised practical power. The
Czechs' arduous negotiations at the Council of Basel ultimately
succeeded; the Council adopted the Four Articles of Prague in the
form of the Compactata, which later became part of Czech law
(1436). The Religious Peace of Kutna Hora (1485) expressed the new
constitutional situation, allowing religious freedom. This
unheard-of principle preceded other related legal developments by
several centuries. Hussites permanently changed the form of the
state and law, becoming a model for Europe in the transition from
feudalism to a bourgeois society.
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