This book examines different aspects of network security metrics and their application to enterprise networks. One of the most pertinent issues in securing mission-critical computing networks is the lack of effective security metrics which this book discusses in detail. Since "you cannot improve what you cannot measure", a network security metric is essential to evaluating the relative effectiveness of potential network security solutions. The authors start by examining the limitations of existing solutions and standards on security metrics, such as CVSS and attack surface, which typically focus on known vulnerabilities in individual software products or systems. The first few chapters of this book describe different approaches to fusing individual metric values obtained from CVSS scores into an overall measure of network security using attack graphs. Since CVSS scores are only available for previously known vulnerabilities, such approaches do not consider the threat of unknown attacks exploiting the so-called zero day vulnerabilities. Therefore, several chapters of this book are dedicated to develop network security metrics especially designed for dealing with zero day attacks where the challenge is that little or no prior knowledge is available about the exploited vulnerabilities, and thus most existing methodologies for designing security metrics are no longer effective. Finally, the authors examine several issues on the application of network security metrics at the enterprise level. Specifically, a chapter presents a suite of security metrics organized along several dimensions for measuring and visualizing different aspects of the enterprise cyber security risk, and the last chapter presents a novel metric for measuring the operational effectiveness of the cyber security operations center (CSOC). Security researchers who work on network security or security analytics related areas seeking new research topics, as well as security practitioners including network administrators and security architects who are looking for state of the art approaches to hardening their networks, will find this book helpful as a reference. Advanced-level students studying computer science and engineering will find this book useful as a secondary text.

This book examines different aspects of network security metrics and their application to enterprise networks. One of the most pertinent issues in securing mission-critical computing networks is the lack of effective security metrics which this book discusses in detail. Since "you cannot improve what you cannot measure", a network security metric is essential to evaluating the relative effectiveness of potential network security solutions. The authors start by examining the limitations of existing solutions and standards on security metrics, such as CVSS and attack surface, which typically focus on known vulnerabilities in individual software products or systems. The first few chapters of this book describe different approaches to fusing individual metric values obtained from CVSS scores into an overall measure of network security using attack graphs. Since CVSS scores are only available for previously known vulnerabilities, such approaches do not consider the threat of unknown attacks exploiting the so-called zero day vulnerabilities. Therefore, several chapters of this book are dedicated to develop network security metrics especially designed for dealing with zero day attacks where the challenge is that little or no prior knowledge is available about the exploited vulnerabilities, and thus most existing methodologies for designing security metrics are no longer effective. Finally, the authors examine several issues on the application of network security metrics at the enterprise level. Specifically, a chapter presents a suite of security metrics organized along several dimensions for measuring and visualizing different aspects of the enterprise cyber security risk, and the last chapter presents a novel metric for measuring the operational effectiveness of the cyber security operations center (CSOC). Security researchers who work on network security or security analytics related areas seeking new research topics, as well as security practitioners including network administrators and security architects who are looking for state of the art approaches to hardening their networks, will find this book helpful as a reference. Advanced-level students studying computer science and engineering will find this book useful as a secondary text.

This book presents a range of cloud computing security challenges and promising solution paths. The first two chapters focus on practical considerations of cloud computing. In Chapter 1, Chandramouli, Iorga, and Chokani describe the evolution of cloud computing and the current state of practice, followed by the challenges of cryptographic key management in the cloud. In Chapter 2, Chen and Sion present a dollar cost model of cloud computing and explore the economic viability of cloud computing with and without security mechanisms involving cryptographic mechanisms. The next two chapters address security issues of the cloud infrastructure. In Chapter 3, Szefer and Lee describe a hardware-enhanced security architecture that protects the confidentiality and integrity of a virtual machine's memory from an untrusted or malicious hypervisor. In Chapter 4, Tsugawa et al. discuss the security issues introduced when Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is deployed within and across clouds. Chapters 5-9 focus on the protection of data stored in the cloud. In Chapter 5, Wang et al. present two storage isolation schemes that enable cloud users with high security requirements to verify that their disk storage is isolated from some or all other users, without any cooperation from cloud service providers. In Chapter 6, De Capitani di Vimercati, Foresti, and Samarati describe emerging approaches for protecting data stored externally and for enforcing fine-grained and selective accesses on them, and illustrate how the combination of these approaches can introduce new privacy risks. In Chapter 7, Le, Kant, and Jajodia explore data access challenges in collaborative enterprise computing environments where multiple parties formulate their own authorization rules, and discuss the problems of rule consistency, enforcement, and dynamic updates. In Chapter 8, Smith et al. address key challenges to the practical realization of a system that supports query execution over remote encrypted data without exposing decryption keys or plaintext at the server. In Chapter 9, Sun et al. provide an overview of secure search techniques over encrypted data, and then elaborate on a scheme that can achieve privacy-preserving multi-keyword text search. The next three chapters focus on the secure deployment of computations to the cloud. In Chapter 10, Oktay el al. present a risk-based approach for workload partitioning in hybrid clouds that selectively outsources data and computation based on their level of sensitivity. The chapter also describes a vulnerability assessment framework for cloud computing environments. In Chapter 11, Albanese et al. present a solution for deploying a mission in the cloud while minimizing the mission's exposure to known vulnerabilities, and a cost-effective approach to harden the computational resources selected to support the mission. In Chapter 12, Kontaxis et al. describe a system that generates computational decoys to introduce uncertainty and deceive adversaries as to which data and computation is legitimate. The last section of the book addresses issues related to security monitoring and system resilience. In Chapter 13, Zhou presents a secure, provenance-based capability that captures dependencies between system states, tracks state changes over time, and that answers attribution questions about the existence, or change, of a system's state at a given time. In Chapter 14, Wu et al. present a monitoring capability for multicore architectures that runs monitoring threads concurrently with user or kernel code to constantly check for security violations. Finally, in Chapter 15, Hasan Cam describes how to manage the risk and resilience of cyber-physical systems by employing controllability and observability techniques for linear and non-linear systems.

Protection of enterprise networks from malicious intrusions is critical to the economy and security of our nation. This article gives an overview of the techniques and challenges for security risk analysis of enterprise networks. A standard model for security analysis will enable us to answer questions such as "are we more secure than yesterday" or "how does the security of one network configuration compare with another one". In this article, we will present a methodology for quantitative security risk analysis that is based on the model of attack graphs and the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS). Our techniques analyze all attack paths through a network, for an attacker to reach certain goal(s).

The application of data warehousing and data mining techniques to computer security is an important emerging area, as information processing and internet accessibility costs decline and more and more organizations become vulnerable to cyber attacks. These security breaches include attacks on single computers, computer networks, wireless networks, databases, or authentication compromises. This book describes data warehousing and data mining techniques that can be used to detect attacks. It is designed to be a useful handbook for practitioners and researchers in industry, and is also suitable as a text for advanced-level students in computer science.

The application of data warehousing and data mining techniques to computer security is an important emerging area, as information processing and internet accessibility costs decline and more and more organizations become vulnerable to cyber attacks. These security breaches include attacks on single computers, computer networks, wireless networks, databases, or authentication compromises. This book describes data warehousing and data mining techniques that can be used to detect attacks. It is designed to be a useful handbook for practitioners and researchers in industry, and is also suitable as a text for advanced-level students in computer science.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 34th Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy, DBSec 2020, held in Regensburg, Germany, in June 2020.* The 14 full papers and 8 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions. The papers present high-quality original research from academia, industry, and government on theoretical and practical aspects of information security. They are organized in topical sections named network and cyber-physical systems security; information flow and access control; privacy-preserving computation; visualization and analytics for security; spatial systems and crowdsourcing security; and secure outsourcing and privacy. *The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

This publication of the NIST seeks to assist organizations in understanding the challenges in integrating information security practices into SOA design and development based on Web services. This publication also provides practical, real-world guidance on current and emerging standards applicable to Web services, as well as background information on the most common security threats to SOAs based on Web services. This document presents information that is largely independent of particular hardware platforms, operating systems, and applications. Supplementary security mechanisms (i.e., perimeter security appliances) are considered outside the scope of this publication. Interfaces between Web services components and supplementary controls are noted as such throughout this document on a case-by-case basis. The document, while technical in nature, provides the background information to help readers understand the topics that are discussed. The intended audience for this document includes the following: System and software architects and engineers trained in designing, implementing, testing, or evaluating Web services; Software developers experienced in XML, C#, Visual Basic for .NET (VB.NET), C, or Java for Web services; Security architects, engineers, analysts, and secure software developers/integrators; Researchers who are furthering and extending service interfaces and conceptual designs. This document assumes that readers have some minimal Web services expertise. Because of the constantly changing nature of Web services threats and vulnerabilities, readers are expected to take advantage of other resources (including those listed in this document) for more current and detailed information. The practices recommended in this document are designed to help mitigate the risks associated with Web services. They build on and assume the implementation of practices described in other NIST guidelines listed in Appendix F. The remainder of this document is organized into five major sections. Section 2 provides background to Web services and portals and their relationship to security. Section 3 discusses the many relevant Web service security functions and related technology. Section 4 discusses Web portals, the human user's entry point into the SOA based on Web services. Section 5 discusses the challenges associated with secure Web service-enabling of legacy applications. Finally, Section 6 discusses secure implementation tools and technologies. The document also contains several appendices. Appendix A offers discussion of several attacks commonly leveraged against Web services and SOAs. Appendix B provides an overview of Electronic Business eXtensible Markup Language (ebXML), a Web services protocol suite developed by the United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT). Appendices C and D contain a glossary and acronym list, respectively. Appendices E and F list print resources and online tools and resources that may be useful references for gaining a better understanding of Web services and SOAs, security concepts and methodologies, and the general relationship between them. Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology.