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In many U.S. cities, gun violence is the most urgent crime problem.
High rates of deadly violence make a city less livable, dragging
down quality of life, economic development, and property values.
The police are the primary agency tasked with controlling gun
violence, yet advocates for gun violence prevention either ignore
the police or only reference them as a part of the problem. But in
fact, more effective policing is key to the success of any
comprehensive effort to reduce community gun violence. The stakes
are high-gun violence is concentrated in low-income Black
communities, and consequently these communities bear the brunt of
the associated economic, social, and psychological burdens. Any
successful strategy must overcome the current impasse where the
residents of high-violence neighborhoods do not trust the police,
having experienced both abuse and neglect in their dealings with
officers. How can police departments find the right balance between
over- and under-policing of high-violence areas? What are the best
practices for police to preempt and deter gun violence, while
engendering support and cooperation from the public? Drawing on
fifty years of research and practical experience, Policing Gun
Violence argues that it is possible for the police to create
greater public safety while respecting the rights of individuals
and communities. While gun violence can be attributed to various
systemic causes that should remain on the public agenda-from
widespread gun availability to poverty and racism-Anthony A. Braga
and Philip J. Cook make the case that violence is itself a root
cause of social disparity and future violence. Effective law
enforcement is a vital component of a just society. They review and
synthesize the evidence in several key areas: enforcement of gun
laws, policing hot spots, controlling high-risk groups through
focused deterrence, enhancing investigations to increase the arrest
and conviction rate, preventing officer-involved shootings, and
disrupting underground gun markets. Policing Gun Violence serves as
a guide to how the police can better utilize their considerable
resources to make cities safer.
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research,
development and evaluation agency of the US Department of Justice.
The NIJ is dedicated to improving knowledge and understanding of
crime and justice issues through science. NIJ provides objective
and independent knowledge and tools to reduce crime and promote
justice, particularly at the state and local levels. Each year, the
NIJ publishes and sponsors dozens of research and study documents
detailing results, analyses and statistics that help to further the
organization's mission. These documents relate to topics like
biometrics, corrections technology, gun violence, digital
forensics, human trafficking, electronic crime, terrorism, tribal
justice and more. This document is one of these publications.
This edited book significantly contributes to the knowledge on how
to address gang problems from a broad community perspective, which
takes into account criminal justice agencies, social service
providers, and community leaders, along with police, who have
implemented collaborative anti-gang policies and practices. As
community-wide efforts become more common, it is increasingly
important to investigate effective strategies to address social
problems. Beyond Suppression: Community Strategies to Reduce Gang
Violence explores a demonstration project of one state's efforts to
reduce gang and youth violence through use of a comprehensive
initiative, the Comprehensive Gang Model (CGM). The relevance of
the CGM as a conceptual framework to guide gang policy and practice
is illustrated throughout the book, and tailored gang reduction
strategies derived from that framework and rooted in the ecological
constitution of communities are showcased. The chapters highlight
implementation strategies employed by various communities using a
case study methodology that assists in garnering an in-depth
perspective of implementation issues and key dimensions of the CGM.
This book answers important questions about how communities
operationalize the CGM. The results of these investigations are
important for scholars, learners, and practitioners who seek to
address gang violence using a customized response.
Over the last forty years, policing has gone through a period of
significant change and innovation. The emergence of new strategies
has also raised issues about effectiveness and efficiency in
policing, and many of these proactive strategies have become
controversial as citizens have asked whether they are also fair and
unbiased. Updated and expanded for the second edition, this volume
brings together leading police scholars to examine these key
innovations in policing. Including advocates and critics of each
innovation, this comprehensive book assesses the impacts of police
innovation on crime and public safety, the extent of implementation
of these new approaches in police agencies, the dilemmas these
approaches have created for police management, and their impacts on
communities.
Over the last forty years, policing has gone through a period of
significant change and innovation. The emergence of new strategies
has also raised issues about effectiveness and efficiency in
policing, and many of these proactive strategies have become
controversial as citizens have asked whether they are also fair and
unbiased. Updated and expanded for the second edition, this volume
brings together leading police scholars to examine these key
innovations in policing. Including advocates and critics of each
innovation, this comprehensive book assesses the impacts of police
innovation on crime and public safety, the extent of implementation
of these new approaches in police agencies, the dilemmas these
approaches have created for police management, and their impacts on
communities.
This Element examines an increasingly important community crime
prevention strategy - focused deterrence. This strategy seeks to
change offender behavior by understanding underlying
crime-producing dynamics and conditions that sustain recurring
crime problems, and implementing a blended set of law enforcement,
community mobilization, and social service actions. The approach
builds on recent theorizing on optimizing deterrence, mobilizing
informal social control, enhancing police legitimacy, and reducing
crime opportunities through situational crime prevention. There are
three main types of focused deterrence strategies: group violence
intervention programs, drug market intervention programs, and
individual offender programs. A growing number of rigorous program
evaluations find focused deterrence to be an effective crime
prevention strategy. However, a number of steps need to be taken to
ensure focused deterrence strategies are implemented properly.
These steps include creating a network of capacity through
partnering agencies, conducting upfront and ongoing problem
analysis, and developing accountability structures and
sustainability plans.
Over the last two decades, there has been increased interest in the
distribution of crime and other antisocial behavior at lower levels
of geography. The focus on micro geography and its contribution to
the understanding and prevention of crime has been called the
'criminology of place'. It pushes scholars to examine small
geographic areas within cities, often as small as addresses or
street segments, for their contribution to crime. Here, the authors
describe what is known about crime and place, providing the most
up-to-date and comprehensive review available. Place Matters shows
that the study of criminology of place should be a central focus of
criminology in the twenty-first century. It creates a tremendous
opportunity for advancing our understanding of crime, and for
addressing it. The book brings together eighteen top scholars in
criminology and place to provide comprehensive research expanding
across different themes.
This edited book significantly contributes to the knowledge on how
to address gang problems from a broad community perspective, which
takes into account criminal justice agencies, social service
providers, and community leaders, along with police, who have
implemented collaborative anti-gang policies and practices. As
community-wide efforts become more common, it is increasingly
important to investigate effective strategies to address social
problems. Beyond Suppression: Community Strategies to Reduce Gang
Violence explores a demonstration project of one state's efforts to
reduce gang and youth violence through use of a comprehensive
initiative, the Comprehensive Gang Model (CGM). The relevance of
the CGM as a conceptual framework to guide gang policy and practice
is illustrated throughout the book, and tailored gang reduction
strategies derived from that framework and rooted in the ecological
constitution of communities are showcased. The chapters highlight
implementation strategies employed by various communities using a
case study methodology that assists in garnering an in-depth
perspective of implementation issues and key dimensions of the CGM.
This book answers important questions about how communities
operationalize the CGM. The results of these investigations are
important for scholars, learners, and practitioners who seek to
address gang violence using a customized response.
Over the last two decades, there has been increased interest in the
distribution of crime and other antisocial behavior at lower levels
of geography. The focus on micro geography and its contribution to
the understanding and prevention of crime has been called the
'criminology of place'. It pushes scholars to examine small
geographic areas within cities, often as small as addresses or
street segments, for their contribution to crime. Here, the authors
describe what is known about crime and place, providing the most
up-to-date and comprehensive review available. Place Matters shows
that the study of criminology of place should be a central focus of
criminology in the twenty-first century. It creates a tremendous
opportunity for advancing our understanding of crime, and for
addressing it. The book brings together eighteen top scholars in
criminology and place to provide comprehensive research expanding
across different themes.
Experimental criminology is a part of a larger and increasingly
expanding scientific research and evidence-based movement in social
policy. The essays in this volume report on new and innovative
contributions that experimental criminology is making to basic
scientific knowledge and public policy. Contributors explore
cutting-edge experimental and quasi-experimental methods and their
application to important and topical issues in criminology and
criminal justice, including neurological predictors of violence,
peer influence on delinquency, routine activities and capable
guardianship, early childhood prevention programs, hot spots
policing, and correctional treatment for juvenile and adult
offenders. It is the first book to examine the full scope of
experimental criminology, from experimental tests - in the field
and in the laboratory - of criminological theories and concepts to
experimental and quasi-experimental evaluations of crime prevention
and criminal justice interventions.
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