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This book, based on lectures on natural and environmental resource
economics, offers a nontechnical exposition of the modern theory of
sustainability in the presence of resource scarcity. It applies an
alternative take on environmental economics, focusing on the
economics of the natural environment, including development,
computation, and potential empirical importance of the concept of
option value, as opposed to the standard treatment of the economics
of pollution control. The approach throughout is primarily
conceptual and theoretical, though empirical estimation and results
are sometimes noted. Mathematics, ranging from elementary calculus
to more formal dynamic optimization, is used, especially in the
early chapters on the optimal management of exhaustible and
renewable resources, but results are always given an economic
interpretation. Diagrams and numerical examples are also used
extensively. The first chapter introduces the classical economists
as the first resource economists, in their discussion of the
implications of a limited natural resource base (agricultural land)
for the evolution of the wider economy. A later chapter returns to
the same concerns, along with others stimulated by the energy and
environmental "crises" of the 1970s and beyond. One section
considers alternative measures of resource scarcity and empirical
findings on their behavior over time. Another introduces the modern
concept of sustainability with an intuitive development of the
analytics. A chapter on the dynamics of environmental management
motivates the concept of option value, shows how to compute it,
then demonstrates its importance in an illustrative empirical
example. The closing chapter, on climate change, first projects
future changes and potential catastrophic impacts, then discusses
the policy relevance of both option value and discounting for the
very long run. This book is intended for resource and environmental
economists and can be read by interested graduate and advanced
undergraduate students in the field as well.
In this pioneering study, Krutilla and Fisher put the amenity
resources of natural environments into an analytical framework
comparable to that for the extractive resources. The models and
theoretical background of their techniques are illustrated by case
studies which include the controversial Hells Canyon dam, the
Mineral King ski resort, and the Trans-Alaska pipeline. The authors
point out that resource development activities undertaken on public
lands often receive financial advantages---preferential tax
treatment, subsidized capital, and access to public
resources---that are not taken into account in the costs of the
project. True evaluation of the costs and benefits of a development
project often tips the balance in favor of preserving an area in a
natural state.
In this pioneering study, Krutilla and Fisher put the amenity
resources of natural environments into an analytical framework
comparable to that for the extractive resources. The models and
theoretical background of their techniques are illustrated by case
studies which include the controversial Hells Canyon dam, the
Mineral King ski resort, and the Trans-Alaska pipeline. The authors
point out that resource development activities undertaken on public
lands often receive financial advantages---preferential tax
treatment, subsidized capital, and access to public
resources---that are not taken into account in the costs of the
project. True evaluation of the costs and benefits of a development
project often tips the balance in favor of preserving an area in a
natural state.
This book, based on lectures on natural and environmental resource
economics, offers a nontechnical exposition of the modern theory of
sustainability in the presence of resource scarcity. It applies an
alternative take on environmental economics, focusing on the
economics of the natural environment, including development,
computation, and potential empirical importance of the concept of
option value, as opposed to the standard treatment of the economics
of pollution control. The approach throughout is primarily
conceptual and theoretical, though empirical estimation and results
are sometimes noted. Mathematics, ranging from elementary calculus
to more formal dynamic optimization, is used, especially in the
early chapters on the optimal management of exhaustible and
renewable resources, but results are always given an economic
interpretation. Diagrams and numerical examples are also used
extensively. The first chapter introduces the classical economists
as the first resource economists, in their discussion of the
implications of a limited natural resource base (agricultural land)
for the evolution of the wider economy. A later chapter returns to
the same concerns, along with others stimulated by the energy and
environmental "crises" of the 1970s and beyond. One section
considers alternative measures of resource scarcity and empirical
findings on their behavior over time. Another introduces the modern
concept of sustainability with an intuitive development of the
analytics. A chapter on the dynamics of environmental management
motivates the concept of option value, shows how to compute it,
then demonstrates its importance in an illustrative empirical
example. The closing chapter, on climate change, first projects
future changes and potential catastrophic impacts, then discusses
the policy relevance of both option value and discounting for the
very long run. This book is intended for resource and environmental
economists and can be read by interested graduate and advanced
undergraduate students in the field as well.
This important volume features essays dealing with a wide range of
theoretical, measurement and policy issues in environmental and
resource economics. Anthony Fisher is an internationally acclaimed
environmental economist whose work combines relevance with
intellectual rigour.The integration of environmental considerations
into decisions about extractive resource has been a central theme
of Professor Fisher's work. The essays in this collection range
from exercises in the pure theory of resource depletion to
applications of theoretical and empirical techniques on the
management of energy and water resources. Particular attention is
given to uncertainty about environmental values and the
irreversibility of certain kinds of resource depletion. Featuring
work on a wide range of topics and adopting a breadth of
approaches, Environmental and Resource Economics will be welcomed
by researchers, practitioners and policymakers.
This book is organized into 4 sections, each looking at the
question of outcome prediction in cancer from a different angle.
The first section describes the clinical problem and some of the
predicaments that clinicians face in dealing with cancer. Amongst
issues discussed in this section are the TNM staging, accepted
methods for survival analysis and competing risks. The second
section describes the biological and genetic markers and the role
of bioinformatics. Understanding of the genetic and environmental
basis of cancers will help in identifying high-risk populations and
developing effective prevention and early detection strategies. The
third section provides technical details of mathematical analysis
behind survival prediction backed up by examples from various types
of cancers. The fourth section describes a number of machine
learning methods which have been applied to decision support in
cancer. The final section describes how information is shared
within the scientific and medical communities and with the general
population using information technology and the World Wide Web.
* Applications cover 8 types of cancer including brain, eye, mouth,
head and neck, breast, lungs, colon and prostate
* Include contributions from authors in 5 different
disciplines
* Provides a valuable educational tool for medical informatics"
This book presents the major themes of the economic literature on
natural resources and the environment. It is designed to bring the
reader, in part with the aid of a unified model of optimal resource
use, to the frontiers of the discipline, using only elementary
mathematical models. Features special to exhaustible and renewable
resources, including the problems posed by market imperfections,
are treated as extensions of the basic model. The theoretical
discussion is enriched with examples and applications, including a
systematic investigation of the behaviour of resource reserves,
costs, prices, and substitution possibilities. Substantial
attention to environmental, as well as extractive, resources is a
distinctive aspect of this book. The author describes methods of
estimating the environmental costs of resource development and
other projects, and presents some key empirical findings. Policy
instruments to protect the environment, such as taxes, subsidies,
marketable permits, and direct controls, are carefully analysed
from a welfare-theoretic point of view.
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