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Inconsistency arises in many areas in advanced computing. Often
inconsistency is unwanted, for example in the specification for a
plan or in sensor fusion in robotics; however, sometimes
inconsistency is useful. Whether inconsistency is unwanted or
useful, there is a need to develop tolerance to inconsistency in
application technologies such as databases, knowledge bases, and
software systems. To address this situation, inconsistency
tolerance is being built on foundational technologies for
identifying and analyzing inconsistency in information, for
representing and reasoning with inconsistent information, for
resolving inconsistent information, and for merging inconsistent
information.
The idea for this book arose out of a Dagstuhl Seminar on the
topic held in summer 2003. The nine chapters in this first book
devoted to the subject of inconsistency tolerance were carefully
invited and anonymously reviewed. The book provides an exciting
introduction to this new field.
Uncertaintyisanincreasinglyimportantresearchtopicinmanyareasofc-
puterscience. Manyformalismsarebeingdeveloped,withmuchinterestatthe
theoryleveldirectedatdevelopingabetterunderstandingoftheformalismsand
identifyingrelationshipsbetweenformalisms,andatthetechnologyleveldirected
atdevelopingsoftwaretoolsforformalismsandapplicationsofformalisms.
ThemainEuropeanforumforthesubjectistheEuropeanConferenceon
SymbolicandQuantitativeApproachestoReasoningandUncertainty(EC-
SQARU). FollowingthesuccessofthepreviousECSQARUconferences,heldin
Marseilles(1991),Granada(1993),Fribourg(1995),andBonn(1997),the?fth
conferenceintheserieswasheldatUniversityCollegeLondoninJuly1999.
ThisvolumecontainspapersacceptedforpresentationatECSQARU'99. In
additiontothemainconference,twoworkshopswereheld. The?rstwason
DecisionTheoreticandGameTheoreticAgents,chairedbySimonParsonsand
MikeWooldridge,andthesecondwasonLogicalandUncertaintyModelsfor
InformationSystems,chairedbyFabioCrestaniandMouniaLalmas. Selected
papersfromtheworkshopsarealsoincludedintheseproceedings.
Weareindebitedtotheprogrammmecommitteefortheire?ortinorganising
theprogramme,totheinvitedspeakers,andtothepresentersofthetutorials.
Furthermore,wegratefullyacknowledgethecontributionofthemanyreferees
whowereinvolvedinthereviewingprocess. Finallywewouldliketothankthe
DepartmentofComputerScienceatUniversityCollegeLondonforadminist-
tivesupport. ProgrammeCommittee
TheprogrammecommitteewaschairedbyAnthonyHunter(UniversityCollege
London),andcomprisedDovGabbay(King'sCollegeLondon),FinnJensen
(AalborgUniversity),RudolfKruse(UniversityofMagdeburg),SimonParsons
(QueenMary,UniversityofLondon)HenriPrade(IRIT,Toulouse),Torsten
Schaub(UniversityofPotsdam),andPhilippeSmets(ULB,Bruxelles).
Reviewers
Theprogrammecommitteeisverygratefulforallthehardworkcontributed
bythereviewers. Hopefully,wehavenotmissedanyonefromthefollowing
list:BruceD'Ambrosio,FlorenceBannay,SalemBenferhat,PhilippeBesnard,
HuguesBersini,ChristianBorgelt,RachelBourne,StefanBrass,LaurenceCholvy,
RogerCooke,AdnanDarwiche,YannisDimopoulos,JurgenDix,DidierDubois,
UweEgly,LindavanderGaag,JoergGebhardt,SiegfriedGottwald,RolfHaenni,
Jean-YvesJa?ray,RadimJirousek,RuthKempson,U?eKjaerulf,FrankK-
wonn,AljoschaKlose,JuergKohlas,PaulKrause,GerhardLakemeyer,Mounia
Lalmas,JeromeLang,KimG. Larsen,NorbertLehmann,T. Y. Lin,Thomas
Linke,KhalidMellouli,JeromeMengin,J. -J. Ch.
Meyer,SanjayModgil,Yves
Moinard,Sera?nMoral,DetlefNauck,AnnNicholson,PascalNicolas,Dennis
VI Preface Nilsson,KristianG.
Olesen,RainerPalm,ZdzislawPawlak,VincentRisch,Regis
Sabbadin,CamillaSchwind,PrakashP. Shenoy,MilanStudeny,HeikoTimm,
HansTompits,MarcoValtorta,andCeesWitteven. April1999
AnthonyHunterandSimonParsons TableofContents
Onthedynamicsofdefaultreasoning GrigorisAntoniou...1
Non-monotonicandparaconsistentreasoning:Frombasicentailmentsto
plausiblerelations OferArieliandArnonAvron ...11
AcomparisonofsystematicandlocalsearchalgorithmsforregularCNF
formulas Ram'onB'ejarandFelipMany'a...22
Query-answeringinprioritizeddefaultlogic
FaridBenhammadi,PascalNicolasandTorstenSchaub...32
Updatingdirectedbeliefnetworks
BoutheinaBenYaghlaneandKhaledMellouli...43
Inferringcausalexplanations
PhilippeBesnardandMarie-OdileCordier...55
Acritiqueofinductivecausation ChristianBorgeltandRudolfKruse...68
Connectinglexicographicwithmaximumentropyentailment RachelA.
BourneandSimonParsons...80 Avoidingnon-groundvariables
StefanBruning .. andTorstenSchaub...92
Anchoringsymbolstovisiondatabyfuzzylogic
SilviaCoradeschiandAlessandroSa?otti...104
Filteringvsrevisionandupdate:Letusdebate!
CorineCossartandCatherineTessier...116
Irrelevanceandindependenceaxiomsinquasi-Bayesiantheory FabioG.
Cozman...128
Assessingthevalueofacandidate:Aqualitativepossibilisticapproach
DidierDubois,MichelGrabischandHenriPrade...137 VIII TableofContents
Learningdefaulttheories B'eatriceDuvalandPascalNicolas...148
Knowledgerepresentationforinductivelearning PeterA. Flach...160
Handling inconsistency e?ciently in the incremental construction of
strati?ed beliefbases EricGr'egoire...168
Roughknowledgediscoveryandapplications J. W. GuanandD. A.
Bell...179 GradientdescenttrainingofBayesiannetworks FinnV.
Jensen...190
Opendefaulttheoriesovercloseddomains:Anextendedabstract
MichaelKaminski...201 Shopboteconomics Je?reyO. KephartandAmyR.
Greenwald...208
OptimizedalgorithmforlearningBayesiannetworkfromdata
F'ediaKhalfallahandKhaledMellouli...221
Mergingwithintegrityconstraints
S'ebastienKoniecznyandRam'onPinoP'erez...233
Boolean-likeinterpretationofSugenointegral IvanKramosil...245
AnalternativetooutwardpropagationforDempster-Shaferbelieffunctions
NorbertLehmannandRolfHaenni...256
Onbottom-uppre-processingtechniquesforautomateddefaultreasoning
ThomasLinkeandTorstenSchaub...2 68
Probabilisitclogicprogrammingundermaximumentropy
ThomasLukasiewiczandGabrieleKern-Isberner...279
Lazypropagationandindependenceofcausalin?uence AndersL.
MadsenandBruceD'Ambrosio...293 TableofContents IX
AMonteCarloalgorithmforcombiningDempster-Shaferbeliefbasedon
approximatepre-computation Seraf'?nMoralandAntonioSalmer'on...305
Anextensionofalinguisticnegationmodelallowingustodenynuanced
propertycombinations DanielPacholczyk...316
Argumentationandqualitativedecisionmaking
SimonParsonsandShawGreen...328 Handling di?erent forms of
uncertainty in regression analysis: A fuzzy belief
structureapproach SimonPetit-RenaudandThierryDenoeux...340 State
recognition in discrete dynamical systems using Petri nets and
evidence theory Mich'eleRombaut,ImanJarkassandThierryDenoeux...352
Robotnavigationandmapbuildingwiththeeventcalculus
MurrayShanahanandMarkWitkowski...362
Informationfusioninthecontextofstockindexprediction
StefanSiekmann,J..orgGebhardtandRudolfKruse...363 Defeasiblegoals
LeendertvanderTorre...374
Logicaldeductionusingthelocalcomputationframework
NicWilsonandJ'eromeMengin...386 AuthorIndex...397
OntheDynamicsofDefaultReasoning Grigoris Antoniou
Gri?thUniversity,QLD4111,Australia
UniversityofMacedonia,Thessaloniki,Greece ga@cit. gu. edu. au
Abstract. Defaultlogicisaprominentrigorousmethodforreasoning
withincompleteinformationbasedonassumptions. Itisastaticreas-
ingapproach,inthesensethatitdoesn'treasonaboutchangesandtheir
consequences. Ontheotherhand,itsnonmonotonicbehaviourappears
whenchangestoadefaulttheoryaremade.
An introductory review of uncertainty formalisms by the volume
editors begins the volume. The first main part of the book
introduces some of the general problems dealt with in research. The
second part is devoted to case studies; each presentation in this
category has a well-delineated application problem and an analyzed
solution based on an uncertainty formalism. The final part reports
on developments of uncertainty formalisms and supporting
technology, such as automated reasoning systems, that are vital to
making these formalisms applicable. The book ends with a useful
subject index. There is considerable synergy between the papers
presented. The representative collection of case studies and
associated techniques make the volume a particularly coherent and
valuable resource. It will be indispensable reading for researchers
and professionals interested in the application of uncertainty
formalisms as well as for newcomers to the topic.
When you think of a map of the United States, what do you see? Now
think of the Seattle that begot Jimi Hendrix. The Dallas that
shaped Erykah Badu. The Holly Springs, Mississippi that compelled
Ida B. Wells to activism against lynching. The Birmingham where
Martin Luther King, Jr. penned his most famous missive. Now how do
you see the United States? Chocolate Cities offers a new
cartography of the U.S.-a "Black Map" that more accurately reflects
the lived experiences and the future of Black life in America.
Drawing on cultural sources such as film, music, fiction, and plays
alongside traditional resources like census data, oral histories,
ethnographies, and health and wealth data, the book offers a new
perspective for analyzing, mapping, and understanding the ebbs and
flows of the Black American experience-all in the cities, towns,
neighborhoods, and communities that they create and defend. Black
maps are consequentially different from our current geographical
understanding of race and place in America. And as the U.S. moves
toward a majority minority society, Chocolate Cities provides a
broad and necessary assessment of how racial and ethnic minorities
make and change America's social, economic, and political
landscape.
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