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Archaeological excavation by MOLA at Watermark Place in the City of
London revealed evidence for the development of the city waterfront
from the 13th century onwards. The remains of substantial and
well-preserved timber river walls and timber/stone dock walls were
recorded, and the use of tree-ring dating enabled the construction
of one large timber river wall and dock to be dated to the year
1339. Many of the recorded structures related to the medieval wharf
known as the Haywharf, probably originally so-named because it was
where hay was imported into the city before c 1300. In common with
other excavations of medieval waterfronts in the City, the
waterlogged deposits associated with the structural remains
produced a remarkable array of finds, including over 700
accessioned finds. Large medieval foundations on the site probably
relate to the mansion known as Coldharbour, which was constructed
on the site by the early 14th century. Later remains included a
sequence of 15th- to 16th-century industrial stone hearths or
furnaces, and documentary evidence suggests that it is likely these
were associated with either brewing or dyeing on the site. Also
recorded were structures associated with the Calvert's/City of
London brewery, which stood on the site from the 18th century until
it was bombed during World War II.
Archaeological investigations were carried out in 2006-9 on the
north bank of the River Thames at Riverbank House, City of London,
just upstream of the modern London Bridge and its medieval
predecessor, in the heart of the medieval port. An extensive
watching brief had taken place on the site in the early 1980s (the
Swan Lane car park), but these new excavations were in undisturbed
areas around the perimeter. A 2nd-century AD revetment and part of
the late Roman riverside wall were recorded, while a sequence of
timber revetments, some dated by dendrochronology, witness the
growth of the medieval port from the 12th to the 15th centuries.
Fragmentary building remains relate to medieval and post-medieval
tenements, and pipes from a 16th- or 17th-century ship's pump were
found reused as a drain. Characteristically, foreshore deposits and
reclamation dumps infilling the medieval waterfronts produced many
well-preserved finds, particularly leather and metal objects. The
latter include tools, domestic items, cloth seals and a number of
religious and secular badges. A rare and unusual find was a
devotional openwork panel relating to the life and death of Thomas,
Earl of Lancaster, who was executed on 23 March 1322 by Edward II.
Remains of plants used in dyeing support the documented importance
of the local cloth-finishing industry.
This volume examines the evolution of a rural landscape in north
Kent from the Late Mesolithic (c 7500 BC) to the 19th century, as
revealed by analysis of the results of excavation on a site
overlooking the marshes and tributaries of the River Medway, near
Sittingbourne. Particular emphasis is placed on the prehistoric
pottery assemblage and on understanding the site in terms of local
and regional developments. Slight evidence for Late Mesolithic and
Neolithic activity (residual finds only) was followed by the
creation of a field system. This was well established by the Late
Bronze Age, when pitting and refuse disposal suggests the presence
of a nearby settlement. There are inconclusive indications from
associated pottery that some field boundaries may have had Middle
Bronze Age origins and that some structured deposition was taking
place. A period of abandonment, possibly related to rising sea
levels, preceded the construction of a Middle Iron Age unenclosed
farmstead represented by four roundhouses constructed at some time
after c 300 BC and the re-establishment of a field system. The
local field boundaries were reorganised in the Late Iron Age, and
remained in use during the 1st century AD, but were abandoned
thereafter, with no archaeological evidence for subsequent land use
until a new farm was established in the 11th to mid 13th centuries.
The multi-period site of Benbow House lies next to the Thames, and
is a fine example of the multifarious and colourful activities that
took place in London over the centuries. The earliest extant
evidence of human activity within the excavation area was an
attempt at land consolidation in the 12th or 13th century. This was
followed by three periods of building from the 13th century
onwards. Nine or ten buildings can be dated to the 13th and 14th
centuries, and probably included the remains of 'stews' - inns or
brothels known from documentary sources. Further buildings were
constructed in the 16th and 17th centuries, including a possible
animal-baiting arena. The final phase of the excavated evidence
included the remains of 18th- and 19th-century brick buildings
reflecting the later use of the site as a foundry and metalworks.
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