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A static compensator (STATCOM), also known as static synchronous
compensator, is a member of the flexible alternating current
transmission system (FACTS) devices. It is a power-electronics
based regulating device which is composed of a voltage source
converter (VSC) and is shunt-connected to alternating current
electricity transmission and distribution networks. The voltage
source is created from a DC capacitor and the STATCOM can exchange
reactive power with the network. It can also supply some active
power to the network, if a DC source of power is connected across
the capacitor. A STATCOM is usually installed in the electric
networks with poor power factor or poor voltage regulation to
improve these problems. In addition, it is used to improve the
voltage stability of a network. This book covers STATCOMs from
different aspects. Different converter topologies, output filters
and modulation techniques utilized within STATCOMs are reviewed.
Mathematical modeling of STATCOM is presented in detail and
different STATCOM control strategies and algorithms are discussed.
Modified load flow calculations for a power system in the presence
of STATCOMs are presented. Several applications of STATCOMs in
transmission and distribution networks are discussed in different
examples and optimization techniques for defining the optimal
location and ratings of the STATCOMs in power systems are reviewed.
Finally, the performance of the network protection scheme in the
presence of STATCOMs is described. This book will be an excellent
resource for postgraduate students and researchers interested in
grasping the knowledge on STATCOMs.
This book focuses on the state of the art in worldwide research on
applying optimization approaches to intelligently control charging
and discharging of batteries of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in
smart grids. Network constraints, cost considerations, the number
and penetration level of PEVs, utilization of PEVs by their owners,
ancillary services, load forecasting, risk analysis, etc. are all
different criteria considered by the researchers in developing
mathematical based equations which represent the presence of PEVs
in electric networks. Different objective functions can be defined
and different optimization methods can be utilized to coordinate
the performance of PEVs in smart grids. This book will be an
excellent resource for anyone interested in grasping the current
state of applying different optimization techniques and approaches
that can manage the presence of PEVs in smart grids.
This book covers the recent research advancements in the area of
charging strategies that can be employed to accommodate the
anticipated high deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in
smart grids. Recent literature has focused on various potential
issues of uncoordinated charging of PEVs and methods of overcoming
such challenges. After an introduction to charging coordination
paradigms of PEVs, this book will present various ways the
coordinated control can be accomplished. These innovative
approaches include hierarchical coordinated control, model
predictive control, optimal control strategies to minimize load
variance, smart PEV load management based on load forecasting,
integrating renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic arrays to
supplement grid power, using wireless communication networks to
coordinate the charging load of a smart grid and using market price
of electricity and customers payment to coordinate the charging
load. Hence, this book proposes many new strategies proposed
recently by the researchers around the world to address the issues
related to coordination of charging load of PEVs in a future smart
grid.
This book highlights the cutting-edge research on energy management
within smart grids with significant deployment of Plug-in Electric
Vehicles (PEV). These vehicles not only can be a significant
electrical power consumer during Grid to Vehicle (G2V) charging
mode, they can also be smartly utilized as a controlled source of
electrical power when they are used in Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
operating mode. Electricity Price, Time of Use Tariffs, Quality of
Service, Social Welfare as well as electrical parameters of the
network are all different criteria considered by the researchers
when developing energy management techniques for PEVs. Risk averse
stochastic energy hub management, maximizing profits in ancillary
service markets, power market bidding strategies for fleets of
PEVs, energy management of PEVs in the presence of renewable energy
in distribution lines or microgrids and loss minimization in
distribution networks based on smart coordination approaches using
real time energy prices are some of the attractive and novel topics
explored in this book. It will be an excellent reference for
graduate students, researchers and industry professionals who are
interested in getting a snapshot view of today's latest research on
applying various smart energy management strategies for smart grids
with high penetration of PEVs.
A static compensator (STATCOM), also known as static synchronous
compensator, is a member of the flexible alternating current
transmission system (FACTS) devices. It is a power-electronics
based regulating device which is composed of a voltage source
converter (VSC) and is shunt-connected to alternating current
electricity transmission and distribution networks. The voltage
source is created from a DC capacitor and the STATCOM can exchange
reactive power with the network. It can also supply some active
power to the network, if a DC source of power is connected across
the capacitor. A STATCOM is usually installed in the electric
networks with poor power factor or poor voltage regulation to
improve these problems. In addition, it is used to improve the
voltage stability of a network. This book covers STATCOMs from
different aspects. Different converter topologies, output filters
and modulation techniques utilized within STATCOMs are reviewed.
Mathematical modeling of STATCOM is presented in detail and
different STATCOM control strategies and algorithms are discussed.
Modified load flow calculations for a power system in the presence
of STATCOMs are presented. Several applications of STATCOMs in
transmission and distribution networks are discussed in different
examples and optimization techniques for defining the optimal
location and ratings of the STATCOMs in power systems are reviewed.
Finally, the performance of the network protection scheme in the
presence of STATCOMs is described. This book will be an excellent
resource for postgraduate students and researchers interested in
grasping the knowledge on STATCOMs.
This book highlights the cutting-edge research on energy management
within smart grids with significant deployment of Plug-in Electric
Vehicles (PEV). These vehicles not only can be a significant
electrical power consumer during Grid to Vehicle (G2V) charging
mode, they can also be smartly utilized as a controlled source of
electrical power when they are used in Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
operating mode. Electricity Price, Time of Use Tariffs, Quality of
Service, Social Welfare as well as electrical parameters of the
network are all different criteria considered by the researchers
when developing energy management techniques for PEVs. Risk averse
stochastic energy hub management, maximizing profits in ancillary
service markets, power market bidding strategies for fleets of
PEVs, energy management of PEVs in the presence of renewable energy
in distribution lines or microgrids and loss minimization in
distribution networks based on smart coordination approaches using
real time energy prices are some of the attractive and novel topics
explored in this book. It will be an excellent reference for
graduate students, researchers and industry professionals who are
interested in getting a snapshot view of today's latest research on
applying various smart energy management strategies for smart grids
with high penetration of PEVs.
This book covers the recent research advancements in the area of
charging strategies that can be employed to accommodate the
anticipated high deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in
smart grids. Recent literature has focused on various potential
issues of uncoordinated charging of PEVs and methods of overcoming
such challenges. After an introduction to charging coordination
paradigms of PEVs, this book will present various ways the
coordinated control can be accomplished. These innovative
approaches include hierarchical coordinated control, model
predictive control, optimal control strategies to minimize load
variance, smart PEV load management based on load forecasting,
integrating renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic arrays to
supplement grid power, using wireless communication networks to
coordinate the charging load of a smart grid and using market price
of electricity and customers payment to coordinate the charging
load. Hence, this book proposes many new strategies proposed
recently by the researchers around the world to address the issues
related to coordination of charging load of PEVs in a future smart
grid.
This book focuses on the state of the art in worldwide research on
applying optimization approaches to intelligently control charging
and discharging of batteries of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in
smart grids. Network constraints, cost considerations, the number
and penetration level of PEVs, utilization of PEVs by their owners,
ancillary services, load forecasting, risk analysis, etc. are all
different criteria considered by the researchers in developing
mathematical based equations which represent the presence of PEVs
in electric networks. Different objective functions can be defined
and different optimization methods can be utilized to coordinate
the performance of PEVs in smart grids. This book will be an
excellent resource for anyone interested in grasping the current
state of applying different optimization techniques and approaches
that can manage the presence of PEVs in smart grids.
Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the
structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the
shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality
improvement in electricity distribution. Also addressed are other
power electronic devices for improving power quality in Solid State
Transfer Switches and Fault Current Limiters. Applications for
these technologies as they relate to compensating busses supplied
by a weak line and for distributed generation connections in rural
networks, are included. In depth treatment of inverters to achieve
voltage support, voltage balancing, harmonic suppression and
transient suppression in realistic network environments are also
covered. New material on the potential for shunt and series
compensation which emphasizes the importance of control design has
been introduced.
Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the
structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the
shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality
improvement in electricity distribution.
Also addressed are other power electronic devices for improving
power quality in Solid State Transfer Switches and Fault Current
Limiters. Applications for these technologies as they relate to
compensating busses supplied by a weak line and for distributed
generation connections in rural networks, are included. In depth
treatment of inverters to achieve voltage support, voltage
balancing, harmonic suppression and transient suppression in
realistic network environments are also covered. New material on
the potential for shunt and series compensation which emphasizes
the importance of control design has been introduced.
Obtaining the ultimate objective of economic growth depends largely
on the availability of infrastructure in the economy. New
developments in finance also play an important role in enhancing
economic prosperity in a country. Strategic Infrastructure
Development for Economic Growth and Social Change explores
different avenues of research in the areas of corporate governance,
socioeconomic conditions, modern business infrastructure, business
automation, strategic financial management, and financial aspects
of modern businesses. This reference work discusses practical
applications, skills, practices, and strategies involved in
economic and business growth, and overall economic development.
Academicians, practitioners, professionals, and researchers will
benefit from the topics discussed in this book.
We show that non-commutativity in the spacetime coordinates of
D-branes, where the end points of the open strings are attached,
can be obtained by modifying the canonical Poisson bracket
structure, so that it is compatible with the boundary condition. In
this approach, the boundary conditions are not treated as
constraints. This is similar in spirit to the treatment of Hanson,
Regge and Teitelboim, where modified Poison Bracketss were obtained
for the free Nambu-Goto string. Those studies were, however,
restricted to the case of the bosonic string and membrane only. We
extend the same methodology to the interpolating string and
superstring both at classical and quantum level. We also consider
the problem of noncommutativity using the new normal ordering
satisfying boundary conditions. By using the contour argument and
the new operator product expansion, we find the commutator among
the Fourier components first and then the commutation relations
among string's coordinates which reproduces the usual
noncommutative structure. We extended our analysis to superstring
case also.
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