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This book investigates how fascism - as an ideology and
political praxis - reconfigured the ideological, political, and
moral landscape of interwar Europe, generating an atmosphere of
extreme 'license' that facilitated the leap into eliminationist
violence. It demonstrates how fascist ideology linked the prospect
of violent 'cleansing' to utopias of national/racial regeneration,
thus encouraging and legitimizing targeted hatred against
particular 'others'. It also shows how the diffusion and
internationalization of fascism in the 1930s produced a sense of a
revolutionary new beginning and created a transnational fascist
'new order' in which Nazi Germany came to occupy a potent position
of authority. The book analyzes how the eliminationist initiative
and precedent of Nazi Germany became a second 'license' that
empowered fascist regimes across Europe to embark on their own
eliminationist projects with diminished accountability. Finally, it
examines how this 'license' - enhanced by the actions of fascists
and the collapse of order caused by World War Two - released
individuals and communities from the burden of legal and moral
accountability, turning them into accomplishes in the most wide,
brutal, and devastating genocidal campaign that the continent had
ever experienced.
This book investigates how fascism - as an ideology and political
praxis - reconfigured the ideological, political, and moral
landscape of interwar Europe, generating an atmosphere of extreme
'license' that facilitated the leap into eliminationist violence.
It demonstrates how fascist ideology linked the prospect of violent
'cleansing' to utopias of national/racial regeneration, thus
encouraging and legitimizing targeted hatred against particular
'others'. It also shows how the diffusion and internationalization
of fascism in the 1930s produced a sense of a revolutionary new
beginning and created a transnational fascist 'new order' in which
Nazi Germany came to occupy a potent position of authority. The
book analyzes how the eliminationist initiative and precedent of
Nazi Germany became a second 'license' that empowered fascist
regimes across Europe to embark on their own eliminationist
projects with diminished accountability. Finally, it examines how
this 'license' - enhanced by the actions of fascists and the
collapse of order caused by World War Two - released individuals
and communities from the burden of legal and moral accountability,
turning them into accomplishes in the most wide, brutal, and
devastating genocidal campaign that the continent had ever
experienced.
This text is a comparative study of the expansionist foreign
policies of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany from 1922 to 1945. It
provides an overview of the ideological motivations behind fascist
expasionism and their impact on fascist policies, and explores the
two main issues which have dominated the historiographical debates
on the nature of fascist expansionism: whether Italy's and
Germany's particular expansionist tendencies can be attributed to a
set of generic fascist values, or were shaped by the long-term,
uniquely national ambitions and developments since unification;
whether the pursuit of expansion was opportunistic or followed a
grand design in each case. This book is a study of the expansionist
visions of Hitler and Mussolini and it should enlighten our
understanding of the dynamics and evolution of the fascist policies
of Italy and Germany to the end of the Second World War.
Offers a complex consideration of the relationship of mass terror
and utopianism under the fascist government of wartime Croatia. The
essays in The Utopia of Terror provide new perspectives on the
relationship between the politics of construction and destruction
in the wartime Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945) ruled by
the fascist Ustasha movement. Bringing together established
historians of the Ustasha regime and an emerging generation of
younger historians, The Utopia of Terror explores various aspects
of everyday life and death in the Ustasha state that untilnow have
received peripheral attention from historians. The contributors
argue for a more complex consideration of the relationship of mass
terror and utopianism in which the two are seen as part of the same
process rather than asdiscrete phenomena. They aim to bring new
perspectives, generate original thinking, and provide enhanced
understanding of both the Ustasha regime's attempts to remake
Croatian society and its campaign to destroy unwanted populations.
Rory Yeomans is a fellow in history at the Wiener Wiesenthal
Institute for Holocaust Studies, Vienna, Austria. A fellowship from
the Cantemir Institute at the University of Oxford in 2013
supported the research for and the writing and editing of this
book.
This book provides an intellectual history of the modernist
"minimum dwelling", exploring how early modernism saw mass housing
as a primary vehicle for achieving the utopian transformation of
society. It reappraises the often-overlooked 2nd and 3rd CIAM
conferences (1929-31), addressing their engagement with the
"minimum dwelling" and revealing them both as milestones in the
organisation's annals and as seminal moments in the history of
interwar modernism. In 1929, an eclectic international group of
avant-garde modernist architects, including Ernst May, Mart Stam,
Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier, met in Frankfurt for the second
instalment of the CIAM conferences. They discussed a design
programme for cost-effective, good-quality housing, seeking new
approaches and processes to maximize quality and functionality
while ensuring affordability for the wider population. In exploring
the meaning and form of the 'minimum dwelling', they also
re-defined dwelling as the hub of a new way of living, proposing a
revolutionary multi-scalar approach to urban design based on the
concept of the Existenzminimum (‘optimally minimal housing’).
Despite the two conferences falling short of the organizer’s
expectations, and being overshadowed by later instalments, the
participating architects sanctioned a semantic shift from minimum
as bare necessity to a very different, aspirational, kind of
minimalism – transforming the entire conversation on mass
low-cost dwelling in design, social and ethical terms. Split into
two parts, The Minimum Dwelling Revisited first takes a
genealogical approach to explore the provenance of the concept of
"minimum dwelling" prior to the 2nd and 3rd CIAM conferences, it
then traces the proceedings of the two conferences themselves.
Addressing the origins of the "minimum dwelling" concept but also
its legacies, and serving as a corrective to the overemphasis on
4th CIAM conference and the Athens Charter, the book is essential
reading for scholars researching urban design during the Interwar
period.
This book evaluates the current and future state of fascism
studies, reflecting on the first hundred years of fascism and
looking ahead to a new era in which fascism studies increasingly
faces fresh questions concerning its relevance and the potential
reappearance of fascism. This wide-ranging work celebrates Roger
Griffin's contributions to fascism studies - in conceptual and
definitional terms, but also in advancing our understanding of
fascism - which have informed related research in a number of
fields and directions since the 1990s. Bringing together three
'generations' of fascism scholars, the book offers a combination of
broad conceptual essays and contributions focusing on particular
themes and facets of fascism. The book features chapters, which,
although diverse in their approaches, explore Griffin's work while
also engaging critically with other schools of thought. As such, it
identifies new avenues of research in fascism studies, placing
Griffin's work within the context of new and emerging voices in the
field.
This book evaluates the current and future state of fascism
studies, reflecting on the first hundred years of fascism and
looking ahead to a new era in which fascism studies increasingly
faces fresh questions concerning its relevance and the potential
reappearance of fascism. This wide-ranging work celebrates Roger
Griffin's contributions to fascism studies - in conceptual and
definitional terms, but also in advancing our understanding of
fascism - which have informed related research in a number of
fields and directions since the 1990s. Bringing together three
'generations' of fascism scholars, the book offers a combination of
broad conceptual essays and contributions focusing on particular
themes and facets of fascism. The book features chapters, which,
although diverse in their approaches, explore Griffin's work while
also engaging critically with other schools of thought. As such, it
identifies new avenues of research in fascism studies, placing
Griffin's work within the context of new and emerging voices in the
field.
What kind of city was the Fascist 'third Rome'? Imagined and real,
rooted in the past and announcing a new, 'revolutionary' future,
Fascist Rome was imagined both as the ideal city and as the sacred
centre of a universal political religion. Kallis explores this
through a journey across the sites, monuments, and buildings of the
fascist capital.
What kind of city was the Fascist 'third Rome'? Imagined and real,
rooted in the past and announcing a new, 'revolutionary' future,
Fascist Rome was imagined both as the ideal city and as the sacred
centre of a universal political religion. Kallis explores this
through a journey across the sites, monuments, and buildings of the
fascist capital.
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