Numerical analysis forms a cornerstone of numeric computing and optimization, in particular recently, interval numerical computations play an important role in these topics. The interest of researchers in computations involving uncertain data, namely interval data opens new avenues in coping with real-world problems and deliver innovative and efficient solutions. This book provides the basic theoretical foundations of numerical methods, discusses key technique classes, explains improvements and improvements, and provides insights into recent developments and challenges. The theoretical parts of numerical methods, including the concept of interval approximation theory, are introduced and explained in detail. In general, the key features of the book include an up-to-date and focused treatise on error analysis in calculations, in particular the comprehensive and systematic treatment of error propagation mechanisms, considerations on the quality of data involved in numerical calculations, and a thorough discussion of interval approximation theory. Moreover, this book focuses on approximation theory and its development from the perspective of linear algebra, and new and regular representations of numerical integration and their solutions are enhanced by error analysis as well. The book is unique in the sense that its content and organization will cater to several audiences, in particular graduate students, researchers, and practitioners.

This book suggests that the numerical analysis subjects' matter are the important tools of the book topic, because numerical errors and methods have important roles in solving integral equations. Therefore, all needed topics including a brief description of interpolation are explained in the book. The integral equations have many applications in the engineering, medical, and economic sciences, so the present book contains new and useful materials about interval computations including interval interpolations that are going to be used in interval integral equations. The concepts of integral equations are going to be discussed in two directions, analytical concepts, and numerical solutions which both are necessary for these kinds of dynamic systems. The differences between this book with the others are a full discussion of error topics and also using interval interpolations concepts to obtain interval integral equations. All researchers and students in the field of mathematical, computer, and also engineering sciences can benefit the subjects of the book.

This book suggests that the numerical analysis subjects' matter are the important tools of the book topic, because numerical errors and methods have important roles in solving integral equations. Therefore, all needed topics including a brief description of interpolation are explained in the book. The integral equations have many applications in the engineering, medical, and economic sciences, so the present book contains new and useful materials about interval computations including interval interpolations that are going to be used in interval integral equations. The concepts of integral equations are going to be discussed in two directions, analytical concepts, and numerical solutions which both are necessary for these kinds of dynamic systems. The differences between this book with the others are a full discussion of error topics and also using interval interpolations concepts to obtain interval integral equations. All researchers and students in the field of mathematical, computer, and also engineering sciences can benefit the subjects of the book.