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Quantum annealing employs quantum fluctuations in frustrated
systems or networks to anneal the system down to its ground state,
or more generally to its so-called minimum cost state. Often this
procedure turns out to be more effective, in multivariable
optimization problems, than its classical counterpart utilizing
tunable thermal fluctuations. This volume is divided into three
parts. Part I is an extensive tutorial introduction familiarizing
the reader with the background material necessary to follow the
core of the book. Part II gives a comprehensive account of the
fundamentals and applications of the quantum annealing method, and
Part III compares quantum annealing with other related optimization
methods. This is the first book entirely devoted to quantum
annealing and will be both an invaluable primer and guidebook for
all advanced students and researchers in this important field.
Human Rights and the Third World: Issues and Discourses deals with
the controversial questions on the universalistic notions of human
rights. It finds Third World perspectives on human rights and seeks
to open up a discursive space in the human rights discourse to
address unresolved questions, citing issues and problems from
different countries in the Third World: 1.Whether alternative
perspectives should be taken as the standard for human rights in
the Third World countries? 2.Should there be a universalistic
notion of rights for Homo sapiens or are we talking about two
diametrically opposite trends and standards of human rights for the
same species? 3.How far these Third World perspectives of human
rights can ensure the protection of the minorities and the
vulnerable sections of population, particularly the women and
children within the Third World? 4.Can these alternative
perspectives help in fighting the Third World problems like
poverty, hunger, corruption, despotism, social exclusion like the
caste system in India, communalism, and the like? 5.Can there be
reconciliation between the Third World perspectives and the Western
perspective of human rights?
Human Rights and the Third World: Issues and Discourses deals with
the controversial questions on the universalistic notions of human
rights. It finds Third World perspectives on human rights and seeks
to open up a discursive space in the human rights discourse to
address unresolved questions, citing issues and problems from
different countries in the Third World: 1. Whether alternative
perspectives should be taken as the standard for human rights in
the Third World countries? 2. Should there be a universalistic
notion of rights for Homo sapiens or are we talking about two
diametrically opposite trends and standards of human rights for the
same species? 3. How far these Third World perspectives of human
rights can ensure the protection of the minorities and the
vulnerable sections of population, particularly the women and
children within the Third World? 4. Can these alternative
perspectives help in fighting the Third World problems like
poverty, hunger, corruption, despotism, social exclusion like the
caste system in India, communalism, and the like? 5. Can there be
reconciliation between the Third World perspectives and the Western
perspective of human rights?
The process of realizing the ground state of some typical
(frustrated) quantum many-body systems, starting from the
'disordered' or excited states, can be formally mapped to the
search of solutions for computationally hard problems. The dynamics
through the critical point, in between, are therefore extremely
crucial. In the context of such computational optimization
problems, the dynamics (of rapid quenching or slow annealing),
while tuning the appropriate elds or uctuations, in particular
while crossing the quantum critical point, are extremely intriguing
and are being investigated these days intensively. Several
successful methods and tricks are now well established. This volume
gives a collection of introductory reviews on such developments
written by well-known experts. It concentrates on quantum phase
transitions and their dynamics as the transition or critical points
are crossed. Both the quenching and annealing dynamics are
extensively covered. We hope these timely reviews will inspire the
young researchers to join and c- tribute to this fast-growing,
intellectually challenging, as well as technologically demanding
eld. We are extremely thankful to the contributors for their
intensive work and pleasant cooperations. We are also very much
indebted to Kausik Das for his help in compiling this book.
Finally, we express our gratitude to Johannes Zittartz, Series
Editor, LNP, and Christian Caron of physics editorial department of
Springer for their encouragement and support.
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