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Genetically uniform cultivars in many self-pollinated cereal crops
dominate commercial production in high-input environments
especially due to their high grain yields and wide geographical
adaptation. These cultivars generally perform well under favorable
and high-input farming systems but their optimal performance cannot
be achieved on marginal/organic lands or without the use of
external chemical inputs (fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides).
Cereal breeding programs aim at evaluating candidate
lines/cultivars for agronomic, disease and quality traits in a weed
free environment that makes it impossible to identify traits
conferring competitive ability against weeds. Moreover,
quantification of competitive ability is a complex phenomenon which
is affected by range of growth traits. Above (e.g. light) and below
(e.g. water and nutrients) ground resources also influence
competitiveness to a greater extent. Competitiveness is
quantitatively inherited trait which is heavily influenced by many
factors including genotype, management, environment and their
interaction. Sound plant breeding techniques and good experimental
designs are prerequisites for maximizing genetic gains to breed
cultivars for organically managed lands. The brief is focused on
breeding wheat for enhanced competitive ability along with other
agronomic, genetic and molecular studies that have been undertaken
to improve weed suppression, disease resistance and quality in
organically managed lands. The examples from other cereals have
also been highlighted to compare wheat with other cereal crops.
Thought the tone can be a bit New Agey, The scientific approach and
practical hands-on program that helps creative writers and
scientific application unpack the reasons for their creative block
and to overcome on the issues. Seven years ago, I found children
were suffering in abdominal pain after the use of milk powder and
doctor diagnosed enteritis at that time as a student i programed to
work out for the trouble shooting. Returning to it now, I found
that my impressions had not changed, and that the process still
worked.
In order to efficiently utilize the spectrum, the role of spectrum
sensing is essential in cognitive radio networks. The transmitter
detection based techniques: energy detection, cyclostationary
feature detection, and matched filter detection, is most commonly
used for the spectrum sensing. The Energy detection technique is
implemented in the 2-hop cooperative cognitive radio network. OSTBC
is used for transmission of data in the 2-hop network. The Energy
detection technique is simplest and gives good results at the
higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values. However, at the low SNR
values its performance degrades. Moreover, each transmitter
detection technique has a SNR threshold, below which it fails to
work robustly. This book aims to find the most reliable and
accurate spectrum sensing technique in the 2-hop cooperative
cognitive radio network. Using Matlab simulations, a comparative
analysis of three transmitter detection techniques has been made in
terms of higher probability of detection. In order to remove the
shortcomings faced by all the three techniques a Fuzzy Combined
Logic sensing approach is implemented and compared with Transmitter
detection techniques.
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