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Earthworms are widely used to assess the bioavailability and
deleterious effects of metals in contaminated soils. This book
discusses some of the direct and indirect methods that have
recently been used to determine the ligand-binding speciation and
the extent of the toxicologically-important bio-reactive metal and
metalloid fractions in the cells of earthworms as receptor
organisms. It proceeds to describe suites of cell-based biomarkers
(e.g. morphometrics; neutral red retention time and
immuno-competence assays), and their variants, that are
more-or-less widely used for reporting chemically-evoked stress in
earthworms under laboratory, semi-field, and field exposure
conditions. NMR-based metabonomic profiling of the tissues of
stressed earthworms is reviewed, and the potential of infra-red
microspectroscopy for determining the biochemical profiles of
specific cells in different functional states is highlighted. The
way that the rapidly expanding genomic database is beginning to
inform and propel research designed to further understanding of the
fundamental mechanisms underpinning metal trafficking and toxicosis
at the level of cells, partly through the provision of
immuno-histochemical and in situ hybridisation 'tools', is
discussed. The book concludes with the prediction that the future
will see the adoption of high-throughput cellular, as well as
molecular-genetic, biomarker techniques in earthworm ecotoxicology,
possibly with parallel metal fractionation measurements done as a
desirable component of experimental design.
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