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The concept of international climate finance channelled from
developed to developing countries through public interventions for
mitigation and adaptation has been developed over the last decade,
but its roots date back to the early 1990s. Despite the high
relevance of the topic in the international climate negotiations,
illustrated by the (missed) target to mobilise USD 100 billion by
2020, there is no book that provides an overview accessible to
academics and practitioners alike. This comprehensive Handbook of
International Climate Finance closes this gap, with contributions
from expert researchers and practitioners involved in key climate
finance institutions. Chapters assess past approaches to
international climate finance, discuss the effectiveness of
different channels for climate finance, debate challenges
encountered and elucidate national strategies of donors and
recipients. An important section elaborates perspectives for
sources of international climate finance from multilateral
channels, the private sector, and blending of finance including
through international carbon markets. The Handbook further
elaborates perspectives on ownership and accountability and the
role of the private sector. Mapping out pathways for the future, it
concludes by providing a vision for international climate finance
after 2025. This forward-thinking Handbook will be a critical
resource for scholars and students with an interest in climate
change and related policies and environmental politics, policy, and
economics more broadly. It provides key input for international
climate negotiators, climate activists and international climate
finance institutions.
This book assesses the structure of projects under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. It explains why,
instead of the expected bilateral structure where a company from an
industrialized country invests in a project in a developing country
and receives the emission reduction credits in return, a unilateral
structure prevails whereby a company from a developing country
finances the emission reduction project itself and sells the
emission reduction credits. The book arrives at three fundamental,
interconnected, conclusions: CDM is logically a unilaterally driven
investment activity; CDM investment is an irrelevant compliance
instrument for companies from industrialised countries and that
this state of affairs is unlikely to change post 2012; and CDM
thrives in less equal and less ambitious post-2012 climate regimes.
Unique in its analysis of corporate views on investment in CDM
projects, this book will find widespread appeal amongst climate
policy analysts, company representatives involved in developing CDM
acquisition strategies and climate policymakers. It will also be of
interest to anyone involved in the study of climate change,
emissions reduction and trading and carbon markets.
After the failure of the Copenhagen conference, climate finance has
become the buzzword of international climate negotiations. A
fast-track volume of 30 billion US dollars has been promised by
industrialised countries for emissions mitigation and adaptation
activities in developing countries. A frantic race for access to
these funds has begun without any consideration how an effective
allocation could be achieved. This could lead to a backlash against
climate finance in general once the first headlines about misuse of
funds appear. This volume explores ways to safeguard effectiveness
of climate finance. Looking into the past decade of climate policy,
the authors show that market mechanisms can be a surprisingly
attractive and transparent way to promote emissions mitigation in
the Global South.
This special issue of the Climate Policy journal outlines the
fundamentals of the new European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS),
assesses the strategies for and impact of implementation and
highlights the scheme's potential, including positive aspects and
remaining hurdles. The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the
first international trading scheme for CO2 in the world. Its aim is
to reduce the cost of compliance to existing targets under the
Kyoto Protocol. From 1st January 2005, companies in high-energy
sectors covered by the scheme must limit their CO2 emissions to
allocated levels, arranged in two periods: from 2005-2007 and
2008-2012 (to match the first Kyoto commitment period). In
practice, the scheme is likely to cover over 12,000 installations
across the European Union, corresponding to approximately 46% of
the total EU CO2 emissions. The EU ETS represents a significant
development in working at an international level to combat
dangerous climate change. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme presents
a comprehensive and insightful analysis of the EU ETS, written by
international experts in the field. The publication includes the
latest research on emissions credits, the interaction of the
trading scheme with national energy policies and the debate on
future expansion.
This book builds on a decade-long experience with mechanisms
provided by the Kyoto Protocol and the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change. It discusses the challenges of climate finance in
the context of the post-Copenhagen negotiations and provides a
long-term outlook of how climate finance in developing countries
could develop. Written by climate finance experts from academia,
carbon finance businesses and international organizations, the book
provides background, firsthand insights, case studies and analysis
into the complex subject area of climate finance.
* Focusing on the new EU emissions trading scheme designed to limit
the production of greenhouse gases, this special issue of the
journal Climate Policy presents an authoritative review of the
scheme and its likely impact* Presents the latest research on
emissions credits, the interaction of the trading scheme with
national energy policies, and the debate on future expansion * The
authors are international experts in the field, bringing together a
level of detailed analysis that will be invaluable for years to
come This special issue of the journal Climate Policy outlines the
fundamentals of the new European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS),
assesses the strategies for and impact of implementation and
highlights the scheme's potential, including positive aspects and
remaining hurdles.The EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is the
first international trading scheme for CO2 in the world. Its aim is
to reduce the cost of compliance to existing targets under the
Kyoto Protocol. Since January 1, 2005, companies in high-energy
sectors covered by the scheme must limit their CO2 emissions to
allocated levels, arranged in two periods: from 2005-2007 and
2008-2012 (to match the first Kyoto commitment period). In
practice, the scheme is likely to cover over 10,000 installations
across the European Union, corresponding to approximately forty-six
percent of the total EU CO2 emissions. The EU ETS represents a
significant development in working at an international level to
combat dangerous climate change. This publication presents a
comprehensive and insightful analysis of the EU ETS.
Industrialized countries strive to fulfil at least part of their
obligation to reduce greenhouse gases by investing in projects in
developing countries rather than at home. Developing countries have
been rather critical of this idea. This book outlines the
development of the international negotiations on the subject and
analyses different design options for the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM), taking into account the interests of various
groups, especially host countries. Two case studies - one on a
renewable energy project in Indonesia and another on Costa Rican
climate policy - show the problems that are likely to be
encountered by CDM and illustrate the importance of active host
country involvement. The authors discuss the problems that will be
addressed by forthcoming negotiation rounds and propose practical
solutions for the CDM including baseline-setting, institutional
structure and credit sharing. Moreover, a long-term view on linking
climate and development policy is taken to achieve an equitable
allocation of emission rights.
Carbon markets - both emission trading systems and baseline and
credit systems - are an increasingly common policy instrument being
introduced to address climate change mitigation. However, their
design is crucial to ensure that they deliver cost-effective
emission reductions while maintaining environmental integrity. This
Element puts together a comprehensive, principle-based overview of
the risks and abuses to environmental integrity and cost
effectiveness that have emerged for carbon markets at all
jurisdictional levels around the world, provides concrete examples,
and offers effective policy and governance solutions to overcome
such risks. This title is also available as Open Access on
Cambridge Core.
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