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The quality of life on the planet depends on the quality of the
environment. The problem is global, and in many countries the
problems associated with contaminated sites became more serious.
Contaminated sites in general resulted from many activities,
including industrial activities, due to fossil fuel manufacturing
and imports/exports. There is a big threat on environmental
pollution, and serious ecological damage (fuel by-products and
spills in sites where storage, transport, distribution, refining,
consumption). There is an increased interest to promote
environmental methods in the process of cleaning oil-polluted
sites. In this study investigated Bioremediation Techniques; which
is use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade
the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. This method
cost less and does not introduce chemicals to the environment. In
comparison with physiochemical methods, bioremediation is a very
feasible alternative for an oil spill response. This technique is
considered an effective technology for treatment of oil pollution.
Dengue is one of the major health problem in many countries. Aedes
aegypti mosquito is the major vector of dengue fever disease.
Search for larvicidal active compound(s) is one of the several
attempts to find effective and affordable ways to control this
mosquito. In this study investigated the toxic effect of different
solvent (acetone, chloroform, cold and hot ethanol) extracts from
different parts (bark, leaf, root and seed) of Neem (Azadirachta
indica) against Aedes aegypti larvae. Therefore, this study
demonstrated the potency of Neem in managing the larvae and thus
contribute as an affordable way to control Aedes aegypti mosquito.
Through this study the crude extracts from different parts of Neem
(Azadirachta indica) could be extracted by using different solvents
and this will lead to different biological activities.
In the wake of energy crisis, the alternatives for energy sources
are much demanded. the use of herbs and plants in food industry has
a long history. the disversity among the components of the plants
has resulted in their use in many applications including flavors
and medicine. The conventional methods for the extraction of
essential oils such as Hydrodistillation (HD)and soxhlet in which
the essential oils are evaporated by heating a mixture of water and
plant materials followed by the liquefaction of the vapors in a
condenser. These methods suffers from several disadvantages
including losses in the volatile compounds, long extraction time
and degradation of some components through thermal
process.Microwave heating has an incontestable place in analytical
and organic laboratory practices. In this book, microwave-assisted
hydrodistillation (MAHD)was used to extract an essential oil from
ginger. Results were compared with conventional hydrodistillation
method. Results show that MAHD faster in extraction time, yield and
costs compared with HD method.
The direct discharge of palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater
causes serious environmental pollution due to its high chemical
oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Traditional ways for POME treatment have both economical and
environmental disadvantages.In this book, ultrasonic
assisted-membrane anaerobic system(UMAS)was used as an alternative,
cost effective method for treating POME. Six steady states were
attained as a part of a kinetic study that considered concentration
ranges of 8,220 to 15,400 mg/l for mixed liquor suspended solids
(MLSS) and 6,329 to 13,244 mg/l for mixed liquor volatile suspended
solids (MLVSS). Kinetic equations from Monod, Contois and Chen
& Hashimoto were employed to describe the kinetics of POME
treatment at organic loading rates ranging from 2 to 13 kg
COD/m3/d.throughout the experiment, the removal efficiency of COD
was from 94.8 to 96.5% with hydraulic retention time, HRT from
400.6 to 5.7 days.The growth yield coefficient, Y was found to be
0.62gVSS/g COD the specific microorganism decay rate was 0.21d-1
and the methane gas yield production rate was between 0.25 l/g
COD/d and 0.58 l/g C
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